SNP and haplotype mapping for genetic analysis in the rat

The laboratory rat is one of the most extensively studied model organisms. Inbred laboratory rat strains originated from limited Rattus norvegicus founder populations, and the inherited genetic variation provides an excellent resource for the correlation of genotype to phenotype. Here, we report a survey of genetic variation based on almost 3 million newly identified SNPs. We obtained accurate and complete genotypes for a subset of 20,238 SNPs across 167 distinct inbred rat strains, two rat recombinant inbred panels and an F2 intercross. Using 81% of these SNPs, we constructed high-density genetic maps, creating a large dataset of fully characterized SNPs for disease gene mapping. Our data characterize the population structure and illustrate the degree of linkage disequilibrium. We provide a detailed SNP map and demonstrate its utility for mapping of quantitative trait loci. This community resource is openly available and augments the genetic tools for this workhorse of physiological studies.     

旋转水斗内的非定常射流干涉

采用动画解析法将冲击式水轮机旋转水斗内部的非定常流动进行时间和空间离散,在各离散的动画单元用拉格朗日法计算流体粒子的运动,模拟了非定常自由水膜流.对同一水斗,将第二射流的流动解析结果与对应的第一射流流态结果相叠加,就可根据叠加的水膜流态判断旋转水斗内的射流干涉现象.文中解析得到了旋转水斗内的射流干涉现象,并将其与模型试验照片的干涉现象进行了比较,确认发生了几乎相同的水膜流干涉.     

WAVE2 is required for directed cell migration and cardiovascular development

WAVE2, a protein related to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, is crucial for Rac-induced membrane ruffling, which is important in cell motility. Cell movement is essential for morphogenesis, but it is unclear how cell movement is regulated or related to morphogenesis. Here we show the physiological functions of WAVE2 by disruption of the WAVE2 gene in mice. WAVE2 was expressed predominantly in vascular endothelial cells during embryogenesis. WAVE2-/- embryos showed haemorrhages and died at about embryonic day 10. Deficiency in WAVE2 had no significant effect on vasculogenesis, but it decreased sprouting and branching of endothelial cells from existing vessels during angiogenesis. In WAVE2-/- endothelial cells, cell polarity formed in response to vascular endothelial growth factor, but the formation of lamellipodia at leading edges and capillaries was severely impaired. These findings indicate that WAVE2-regulated actin reorganization might be required for proper cell movement and that a lack of functional WAVE2 impairs angiogenesis in vivo.     

基于奇异谱分析的轴承温度趋势预测及其应用

采用奇异谱分析方法对轴承温度信号在相空间进行重构,并利用重构吸引子轨道矩阵的奇异谱特性来分离温度信号的趋势成分,从而得到轴承温度的变化趋势特征.在此基础上开发了水电机组轴承故障预测系统,该系统包括数据采集、趋势分析和故障预测3部分.试验结果表明,该系统能早期预测轴承温升趋势,提取温度信号中的故障特征,对烧瓦故障作出早期预警,可用于水电机组的状态分析、状态评估和故障预测.     

冲击式水轮机性能换算的新理论提案(Ⅱ)

对冲击式水轮机的内部流动进行了探讨,着重研究了喷嘴以后的自由二相流,发现冲击式水轮机存在着与反击式水轮机不同的流动机理及其对应的不同比尺效应;并指出非定常自由流随工况变化的比尺效应对性能预测的影响;同时大流量区水斗切口出流的增加会引起负比尺效应明显增加.     

Continuous cell supply from a Sox9-expressing progenitor zone in adult liver, exocrine pancreas and intestine

The liver and exocrine pancreas share a common structure, with functioning units (hepatic plates and pancreatic acini) connected to the ductal tree. Here we show that Sox9 is expressed throughout the biliary and pancreatic ductal epithelia, which are connected to the intestinal stem-cell zone. Cre-based lineage tracing showed that adult intestinal cells, hepatocytes and pancreatic acinar cells are supplied physiologically from Sox9-expressing progenitors. Combination of lineage analysis and hepatic injury experiments showed involvement of Sox9-positive precursors in liver regeneration. Embryonic pancreatic Sox9-expressing cells differentiate into all types of mature cells, but their capacity for endocrine differentiation diminishes shortly after birth, when endocrine cells detach from the epithelial lining of the ducts and form the islets of Langerhans. We observed a developmental switch in the hepatic progenitor cell type from Sox9-negative to Sox9-positive progenitors as the biliary tree develops. These results suggest interdependence between the structure and homeostasis of endodermal organs, with Sox9 expression being linked to progenitor status.     

基于超薄型3轴力传感器的电动压缩机传递力测量

汽车的电动压缩机在工作时，产生的机械振动通过发动机传递到车身从而产生车内噪声，噪声大小可以根据电动压缩机传递到发动机的传递力及其动力学特性进行推算。通常在电动压缩机与发动机连接处安装力传感器来测量传递力，然而，力传感器会干扰其他部件并使电动压缩机振动模式发生改变，从而在实际情况下可能无法实现传递力的测量。为此，基于石英晶体压电效应开发了新型超薄型3轴力传感器，实现了在接近实际情况下的电动压缩机传递力测量。     

冲击式水轮机性能换算的新理论提案(Ⅰ)

对冲击式水轮机喷嘴内部单相流的壁面摩擦损失及喷嘴后气液二相自由射流 ,提出了新的性能换算相似准则 .除了考虑模型至真机的比能性能偏移影响外 ,还考虑了水轮机流量及动力换算的性能偏移 .指出了发生于多喷嘴冲击式水轮机射流干涉的强比尺效应 ,并说明了为实现对其进行预测 ,必须用 CFD定量地把握自由射流的衰减及水斗缺口的出流状况 .     

Dry mantle transition zone inferred from the conductivity of wadsleyite and ringwoodite

The Earth's mantle transition zone could potentially store a large amount of water, as the minerals wadsleyite and ringwoodite incorporate a significant amount of water in their crystal structure. The water content in the transition zone can be estimated from the electrical conductivities of hydrous wadsleyite and ringwoodite, although such estimates depend on accurate knowledge of the two conduction mechanisms in these minerals (small polaron and proton conductions), which early studies have failed to distinguish between. Here we report the electrical conductivity of these two minerals obtained by high-pressure multi-anvil experiments. We found that the small polaron conductions of these minerals are substantially lower than previously estimated. The contributions of proton conduction are small at temperatures corresponding to the mantle transition zone and the conductivity of wadsleyite is considerably lower than that of ringwoodite for both mechanisms. The dry model mantle shows considerable conductivity jumps associated with the olivine-wadsleyite, wadsleyite-ringwoodite and post-spinel transitions. Such a dry model explains well the currently available conductivity-depth profiles obtained from geoelectromagnetic studies. We therefore conclude that there is no need to introduce a significant amount of water in the mantle transition to satisfy electrical conductivity constraints.