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991.
The Proterozoic aeon (2.5 to 0.54 billion years (Gyr) ago) marks the time between the largely anoxic world of the Archean (> 2.5 Gyr ago) and the dominantly oxic world of the Phanerozoic (< 0.54 Gyr ago). The course of ocean chemistry through the Proterozoic has traditionally been explained by progressive oxygenation of the deep ocean in response to an increase in atmospheric oxygen around 2.3 Gyr ago. This postulated rise in the oxygen content of the ocean is in turn thought to have led to the oxidation of dissolved iron, Fe(II), thus ending the deposition of banded iron formations (BIF) around 1.8 Gyr ago. An alternative interpretation suggests that the increasing atmospheric oxygen levels enhanced sulphide weathering on land and the flux of sulphate to the oceans. This increased rates of sulphate reduction, resulting in Fe(II) removal in the form of pyrite as the oceans became sulphidic. Here we investigate sediments from the approximately 1.8-Gyr-old Animikie group, Canada, which were deposited during the final stages of the main global period of BIF deposition. This allows us to evaluate the two competing hypotheses for the termination of BIF deposition. We use iron-sulphur-carbon (Fe-S-C) systematics to demonstrate continued ocean anoxia after the final global deposition of BIF and show that a transition to sulphidic bottom waters was ultimately responsible for the termination of BIF deposition. Sulphidic conditions may have persisted until a second major rise in oxygen between 0.8 to 0.58 Gyr ago, possibly reducing global rates of primary production and arresting the pace of algal evolution. 相似文献
992.
Deloukas P Earthrowl ME Grafham DV Rubenfield M French L Steward CA Sims SK Jones MC Searle S Scott C Howe K Hunt SE Andrews TD Gilbert JG Swarbreck D Ashurst JL Taylor A Battles J Bird CP Ainscough R Almeida JP Ashwell RI Ambrose KD Babbage AK Bagguley CL Bailey J Banerjee R Bates K Beasley H Bray-Allen S Brown AJ Brown JY Burford DC Burrill W Burton J Cahill P Camire D Carter NP Chapman JC Clark SY Clarke G Clee CM Clegg S Corby N Coulson A Dhami P Dutta I Dunn M Faulkner L Frankish A 《Nature》2004,429(6990):375-381
993.
994.
Rajagopalan H Jallepalli PV Rago C Velculescu VE Kinzler KW Vogelstein B Lengauer C 《Nature》2004,428(6978):77-81
Aneuploidy, an abnormal chromosome number, has been recognized as a hallmark of human cancer for nearly a century; however, the mechanisms responsible for this abnormality have remained elusive. Here we report the identification of mutations in hCDC4 (also known as Fbw7 or Archipelago) in both human colorectal cancers and their precursor lesions. We show that genetic inactivation of hCDC4, by means of targeted disruption of the gene in karyotypically stable colorectal cancer cells, results in a striking phenotype associated with micronuclei and chromosomal instability. This phenotype can be traced to a defect in the execution of metaphase and subsequent transmission of chromosomes, and is dependent on cyclin E--a protein that is regulated by hCDC4 (refs 2-4). Our data suggest that chromosomal instability is caused by specific genetic alterations in a large fraction of human cancers and can occur before malignant conversion. 相似文献
995.
996.
Climate change: models change their tune 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stocker TF 《Nature》2004,430(7001):737-738
997.
998.
Cecchi C Liguri G Fiorillo C Bogani F Gambassi M Giannoni E Cirri P Baglioni S Ramponi G 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2004,61(14):1775-1784
An acylphosphatase (AcPase) overexpression study was carried out on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, using a
green fluorescent fusion protein (AcP-GFP), with GFP acting as a reporter protein. The cellular proliferation rate
was significantly reduced by overexpression of AcPase by a factor of ten. In contrast, clones transfected with two
inactive AcPase mutants showed a growth rate comparable to control cells. This suggests that AcPase catalyzes the
proliferative down-regulation. AcPase-overexpressing clones showed a physiological mortality rate as assessed by an
MTT reduction test and by evaluation of necrotic markers. DNA fragmentation analysis and assays of caspase-3 and
poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-active fragments showed no evidence of any apoptotic pattern. AcPase
overexpression led to a marked increase in PARP activity as well as Bcl-2 content; these are commonly up-regulated
during differentiative processes in neuronal cells. In fact, the typical differentiation marker,
growth-associated-protein 43, was significantly up-regulated. Microscopic observations also showed a clear
increase in the differentiative phenotype in AcPase-overexpressing cells. Our results clearly show that AcPase
plays a primary causative role in neuronal differentiation.Received 3 May 2004; accepted 25 May 2004 相似文献
999.
1000.