我国公司治理结构存在的主要问题及其完善的途径

《中华人民共和国公司法》（下称《公司法》）的颁布和实施,为我国国有企业的公司制改革提供了法律依据的法律保障,但在国有企业的公司制改革过程中或在已完成公司制改革的企业中,存在着与《公司法》所规定的公司制企业不相符的问题。本文仅就公司治理结构方面存在的主要问题及如何完善公司治理结构谈点不成熟的看法。     

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the public domain: how useful are they?

There is a concerted effort by a number of public and private groups to identify a large set of human single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). As of March 2001, 2.84 million SNPs have been deposited in the public database, dbSNP, at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/). The 2.84 million SNPs can be grouped into 1.65 million non-redundant SNPs. As part of the International SNP Map Working Group, we recently published a high-density SNP map of the human genome consisting of 1.42 million SNPs (ref. 3). In addition, numerous SNPs are maintained in proprietary databases. Our survey of more than 1,200 SNPs indicates that more than 80% of TSC and Washington University candidate SNPs are polymorphic and that approximately 50% of the candidate SNPs from these two sources are common SNPs (with minor allele frequency of > or =20%) in any given population.     

High-performance thin-film transistors using semiconductor nanowires and nanoribbons

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) are the fundamental building blocks for the rapidly growing field of macroelectronics. The use of plastic substrates is also increasing in importance owing to their light weight, flexibility, shock resistance and low cost. Current polycrystalline-Si TFT technology is difficult to implement on plastics because of the high process temperatures required. Amorphous-Si and organic semiconductor TFTs, which can be processed at lower temperatures, but are limited by poor carrier mobility. As a result, applications that require even modest computation, control or communication functions on plastics cannot be addressed by existing TFT technology. Alternative semiconductor materials that could form TFTs with performance comparable to or better than polycrystalline or single-crystal Si, and which can be processed at low temperatures over large-area plastic substrates, should not only improve the existing technologies, but also enable new applications in flexible, wearable and disposable electronics. Here we report the fabrication of TFTs using oriented Si nanowire thin films or CdS nanoribbons as semiconducting channels. We show that high-performance TFTs can be produced on various substrates, including plastics, using a low-temperature assembly process. Our approach is general to a broad range of materials including high-mobility materials (such as InAs or InP).     

Single-nanowire electrically driven lasers

Electrically driven semiconductor lasers are used in technologies ranging from telecommunications and information storage to medical diagnostics and therapeutics. The success of this class of lasers is due in part to well-developed planar semiconductor growth and processing, which enables reproducible fabrication of integrated, electrically driven devices. Yet this approach to device fabrication is also costly and difficult to integrate directly with other technologies such as silicon microelectronics. To overcome these issues for future applications, there has been considerable interest in using organic molecules, polymers, and inorganic nanostructures for lasers, because these materials can be fashioned into devices by chemical processing. Indeed, amplified stimulated emission and lasing have been reported for optically pumped organic systems and, more recently, inorganic nanocrystals and nanowires. However, electrically driven lasing, which is required in most applications, has met with several difficulties in organic systems, and has not been addressed for assembled nanocrystals or nanowires. Here we investigate the feasibility of achieving electrically driven lasing from individual nanowires. Optical and electrical measurements made on single-crystal cadmium sulphide nanowires show that these structures can function as Fabry-Perot optical cavities with mode spacing inversely related to the nanowire length. Investigations of optical and electrical pumping further indicate a threshold for lasing as characterized by optical modes with instrument-limited linewidths. Electrically driven nanowire lasers, which might be assembled in arrays capable of emitting a wide range of colours, could improve existing applications and suggest new opportunities.     

因文求义论

所谓“因文求义”,就是据上下文即具体语境以求义。从训诂的角度看,语境可分为文旨、文义、文理三端,词语训诂只有合乎这三端,才有可能正确。反之,要使词语训诂合乎这三端即具体语境,莫过于因文求义。因文求义的依据是语境对词语具有制约功能,其作用则不仅在于考求词义,还可用来校勘文字。     

航空摄影科技发展成就与未来展望

在过去的一个半多世纪,航空摄影测量取得了许多重大的成就,经历了模拟摄影测量阶段、解析摄影测量阶段和数字摄影测量阶段,革新了空间数据获取的技术方法,显示出了航空摄影巨大的生命力和影响力。文章介绍了国外航空摄影近几十年在数字摄影测量工作站、胶片航空摄影仪、数字航空摄影仪等方面取得的巨大成就。在航空摄影发展的历史中,我国数字摄影测量工作站也成为其具有典型代表性的标志。因应当前航空摄影测量的发展和应用需要,本文着重对具有自主知识产权的SWDC-4数字航空数码相机进行了阐述。文章最后讨论了航空摄影的3个发展趋势,意在与广大读者一起探讨航空摄影的未来。     

一种改进型等精度宽频频率计的设计

根据等精度频率测量原理,分析了测量精度与频率测量闸门时间和预置门时间的关系,提出了一种改进型等精度频率测量的方法。该方法的主要思想是利用VHDL语言设计的测频计数模块不需要根据被测信号的频率大小而不断改变预置门信号的宽度,只需要固定给出100mS的预置门信号即可。单片机根据频率计数模块的计数结果进行相应运算得出频率值。经仿真和测试,在输入前级加放大整形电路和高速分频电路可以实现幅度从0.1V～10V,频率从0.1HZ～2.7GHZ的信号的全程测量。     

多速率混合系统的符号化可达性分析

针对目前还没有专门的数据结构处理多速率混合系统的符号化可达性问题，定义了多速率区域来表示和处理多速率自动机的无穷状态空间，从而把多速率混合系统的符号化可达性分析等价地转化成多速率区域上的3种操作，即并操作、变量重赋值操作和控制状态上的时间流逝操作．从理论上证明了多速率区域在这3种操作上的封闭性，同时定义了矩阵数据结构不同上限矩阵（DCM），并用其存储多速率区域，这样就得到了一种专门处理多速率混合系统符号化可达性分析的数据结构．理论上证得，DCM可以大大降低可达性分析算法的复杂度．     

Water isotope variations in the snow pack and summer precipitation at July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China

This paper presents the stable isotope data of the snow pack and summer precipitation collected at the July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China and analyses their relationships with meteorologi- cal factors. On an event scale, there is no temperature effect on the δ 18O values in the summer pre- cipitation, whereas the amount effect is shown to be clear. By tracing the moisture transport history and comparing the precipitation with its isotopic composition, it is shown that this amount effect not only reflects the change in moisture trajectory, which is related to the monsoon activities, but is also associated with the cooling degree of vapor in the cloud, the evaporation of falling raindrops and the isotopic exchange between the falling drops and the atmospheric vapor. As very little precipitation occurs in winter, the snow pack profile mainly represents the precipitation in the other three seasons. There are low precipitation δ 18O ratios in summer and high ratios in spring and autumn. The Meteoric Water Line (MLW) for the summer precipitation is δ D = 7.6 δ 18O 13.3, which is similar to that at Delingha, located in the south rim of the Qilian Mountains. The MWL for the snow pack is δ D = 10.4 δ 18O 41.4, showing a large slope and intercept. The deuterium excess (d) of the snow pack is positively correlated with δ 18O, indicating that both d and δ 18O decrease from spring to summer and increase from early autumn to early spring. This then results in the high slope and intercept of the MWL. Sea- sonal fluctuations of d in the snow pack indicate the change of moisture source and trajectory. During spring and autumn, the moisture originates from continental recycling or rapid evaporation over rela- tively warm water bodies like Black, Caspian and Aral Seas when the dry westerly air masses pass over them, hence very high d values in precipitation are formed. During summer, the monsoon is responsi- ble for the low d values. This indicates that the monsoon can reach the western part of the Qilian Mountains.     

Analysis of Petri net model and task planning heuristic algorithms for product reconfiguration

Reconfiguration planning is recognized as an important factor for reducing the cost of manufacturing reconfigurable products, and the associated main task is to generate a set of optimal or near-optimal reconfiguration sequences using some effect algorithms. A method is developed to generate a Petri net as the reconfiguration tree to represent two-state-transit of product, which solved the representation problem of reconfiguring interfaces replacement. Relating with this method, two heuristic algorithms are proposed to generate task sequences which considering economics to search reconfiguration paths effectively. At last, an objective evaluation is applied to compare these two heuristic algorithms to other ones. The developed reconfiguration task planning heuristic algorithms can generate better strategies and plans for reconfiguration. The research finds are exemplified with struts reconfiguration of reconfigurable parallel kinematics machine （RPKM）.