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Fault lubrication during earthquakes 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Di Toro G Han R Hirose T De Paola N Nielsen S Mizoguchi K Ferri F Cocco M Shimamoto T 《Nature》2011,471(7339):494-498
The determination of rock friction at seismic slip rates (about 1?m?s(-1)) is of paramount importance in earthquake mechanics, as fault friction controls the stress drop, the mechanical work and the frictional heat generated during slip. Given the difficulty in determining friction by seismological methods, elucidating constraints are derived from experimental studies. Here we review a large set of published and unpublished experiments (~300) performed in rotary shear apparatus at slip rates of 0.1-2.6?m?s(-1). The experiments indicate a significant decrease in friction (of up to one order of magnitude), which we term fault lubrication, both for cohesive (silicate-built, quartz-built and carbonate-built) rocks and non-cohesive rocks (clay-rich, anhydrite, gypsum and dolomite gouges) typical of crustal seismogenic sources. The available mechanical work and the associated temperature rise in the slipping zone trigger a number of physicochemical processes (gelification, decarbonation and dehydration reactions, melting and so on) whose products are responsible for fault lubrication. The similarity between (1) experimental and natural fault products and (2) mechanical work measures resulting from these laboratory experiments and seismological estimates suggests that it is reasonable to extrapolate experimental data to conditions typical of earthquake nucleation depths (7-15?km). It seems that faults are lubricated during earthquakes, irrespective of the fault rock composition and of the specific weakening mechanism involved. 相似文献
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矿区植物--环境恢复的重要资源 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
综述了矿区植物的研究现状矿区植物的生态学、遗传学、植物分类学特性,矿区植物对重金属的耐性与吸收性,矿区植物在矿山及污染环境修复中的功能与作用;最后,探讨了矿区植物资源研究的未来发展方向。 相似文献
55.
Alcaïs A Alter A Antoni G Orlova M Nguyen VT Singh M Vanderborght PR Katoch K Mira MT Vu HT Ngyuen TH Nguyen NB Moraes M Mehra N Schurr E Abel L 《Nature genetics》2007,39(4):517-522
Host genetics has an important role in leprosy, and variants in the shared promoter region of PARK2 and PACRG were the first major susceptibility factors identified by positional cloning. Here we report the linkage disequilibrium mapping of the second linkage peak of our previous genome-wide scan, located close to the HLA complex. In both a Vietnamese familial sample and an Indian case-control sample, the low-producing lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA)+80 A allele was significantly associated with an increase in leprosy risk (P = 0.007 and P = 0.01, respectively). Analysis of an additional case-control sample from Brazil and an additional familial sample from Vietnam showed that the LTA+80 effect was much stronger in young individuals. In the combined sample of 298 Vietnamese familial trios, the odds ratio of leprosy for LTA+80 AA/AC versus CC subjects was 2.11 (P = 0.000024), which increased to 5.63 (P = 0.0000004) in the subsample of 121 trios of affected individuals diagnosed before 16 years of age. In addition to identifying LTA as a major gene associated with early-onset leprosy, our study highlights the critical role of case- and population-specific factors in the dissection of susceptibility variants in complex diseases. 相似文献
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In this analysis, the classical problem of Hermann von Helmholtz's (1821–1894) Kantianism is explored from a particular vantage point, that to my knowledge, has not received the attention it deserves notwithstanding its possible key role in disentangling Helmholtz's relation to Kant's critical project. More particularly, we will focus on Helmholtz's critical engagement with Kant's concept of intuition [Anschauung] and (the related issue of) his dissatisfaction with Kant's doctrinal dualism. In doing so, it soon becomes clear that both (i) crucially mediated Helmholtz's idiosyncratic appropriation and criticism of (certain aspects of) Kant's critical project, and (ii) can be considered as a common denominator in a variety of issues that are usually addressed separately under the general header of (the problem of) Helmholtz's Kantianism. The perspective offered in this analysis can not only shed interesting new light on some interpretive issues that have become commonplace in discussions on Helmholtz's Kantianism, but also offers a particular way of connecting seemingly unrelated dimensions of Helmholtz's engagement with Kant's critical project (e.g. Helmholtz's views on causality and space). Furthermore, it amounts to the rather surprising conclusion that Helmholtz's most drastic revision of Kant's project pertains to his assumption of free will as a formal condition of experience and knowledge. 相似文献
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采用2011年和2014年各两周的上海移动手机信令数据,通过跟踪分析识别出居住地、就业地发生变迁的居民作为研究对象,数据可视化、描述性统计、定量对比分析等方法对同一批变迁居民的通勤行为进行跟踪研究,以此对其中存在的“自平衡”特征进行分析,并进一步研究该变化特征与城市空间之间所存在的联系。研究表明:总体层面,从平均通勤距离变化以及过剩通勤率变化方面来看,居民在进行居住地、就业地变迁时均存在通勤“自平衡”的特征与趋势;个体层面,原通勤距离越远,通过居住地、就业地变迁以改善自身通勤关系追求通勤“自平衡”的效果越明显;就业地变迁居民的通勤“自平衡”特征相较于居住地变迁来说更加显著;空间集合层面,职住关系较差的居住区、就业区,存在总体的“自平衡”现象。 相似文献
59.
传递矩阵方法与矩形势垒的量子隧穿 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用传递矩阵方法精确计算了一维定态薛定谔方程,求解出电子穿过矩形势垒的透射系数,进一步研究了该透射系数与有效质量和矩形势垒参数的关系。数值计算结果表明,有效质量和矩形势垒参数对透射系数的影响同等重要。 相似文献
60.
在对钱家营矿原煤特性分析的基础上,利用选煤优化软件进行计算机优化,得出钱家营矿选煤厂重力分选最佳方案:各层煤单独分选出不同的精煤产品或采用选后配煤的方法将单独分选出的产品混合,以获得用户要求的产品.该方案比混合分选或混合后分级入选精煤产率高,可为选煤厂带来更好的经济效益. 相似文献