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91.
92.
Foetal rabbit tracheal organ cultures were exposed under defined conditions to whole cigarette smoke and fixed immediately for electron microscopy. After an exposure to 4 or 8 puffs, epithelial intercellular spaces were enlarged, the apical portion of many cells bulged out into the lumen and many cilia were swollen. An exposure to 12 puffs produced a breakdown of the epithelium. 相似文献
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Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague 总被引:59,自引:0,他引:59
Parkhill J Wren BW Thomson NR Titball RW Holden MT Prentice MB Sebaihia M James KD Churcher C Mungall KL Baker S Basham D Bentley SD Brooks K Cerdeño-Tárraga AM Chillingworth T Cronin A Davies RM Davis P Dougan G Feltwell T Hamlin N Holroyd S Jagels K Karlyshev AV Leather S Moule S Oyston PC Quail M Rutherford K Simmonds M Skelton J Stevens K Whitehead S Barrell BG 《Nature》2001,413(6855):523-527
The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of the systemic invasive infectious disease classically referred to as plague, and has been responsible for three human pandemics: the Justinian plague (sixth to eighth centuries), the Black Death (fourteenth to nineteenth centuries) and modern plague (nineteenth century to the present day). The recent identification of strains resistant to multiple drugs and the potential use of Y. pestis as an agent of biological warfare mean that plague still poses a threat to human health. Here we report the complete genome sequence of Y. pestis strain CO92, consisting of a 4.65-megabase (Mb) chromosome and three plasmids of 96.2 kilobases (kb), 70.3 kb and 9.6 kb. The genome is unusually rich in insertion sequences and displays anomalies in GC base-composition bias, indicating frequent intragenomic recombination. Many genes seem to have been acquired from other bacteria and viruses (including adhesins, secretion systems and insecticidal toxins). The genome contains around 150 pseudogenes, many of which are remnants of a redundant enteropathogenic lifestyle. The evidence of ongoing genome fluidity, expansion and decay suggests Y. pestis is a pathogen that has undergone large-scale genetic flux and provides a unique insight into the ways in which new and highly virulent pathogens evolve. 相似文献
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96.
A case for mantle plumes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Geoffrey F. Davies 《科学通报(英文版)》2005,50(15):1541-1554
The existence of at least several plumes in the Earth's mantle can be inferred with few assumptions from well-established observations. As well, thermal mantle plumes can be predicted from well-established and quantified fluid dynamics and a plausible assumption about the Earth's early thermal state. Some additional important observations, especially of flood basalts and rift-related magmatism, have been shown to be plausibly consistent with the physical theory. Recent claims to have detected plumes using seismic tomography may comprise the most direct evidence for plumes, but plume tails are likely to be difficult to resolve definitively and the claims need to be well tested. Although significant questions remain about its viability, the plume hypothesis thus seems to be well worth continued investigation. Nevertheless there are many non-plate-related magmatic phenomena whose association with plumes is unclear or unlikely. Compositional buoyancy has recently been shown potentially to substantially complicate the dynamics of plumes, and this may lead to explanations for a wider range of phenomena, including “headless” hotspot tracks, than purely thermal plumes. 相似文献
97.
Transposition of an antibiotic resistance element in mycobacteria 总被引:50,自引:0,他引:50
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is often plasmid-mediated and the associated resistance genes encoded by transposable elements. Mycobacteria, including the human pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae, are resistant to many antibiotics, and their cell-surface structure is believed to be largely responsible for the wide range of resistance phenotypes. Antibiotic-resistance plasmids have so far not been implicated in resistance of mycobacteria to antibiotics. Nevertheless, antibiotic-modifying activities such as aminoglycoside acetyltransferases and phosphotransferases have been detected in fast-growing species. beta-lactamases have also been found in most fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria. To date no mycobacterial antibiotic-resistance genes have been isolated and characterized. We now report the isolation, cloning and sequencing of a genetic region responsible for resistance to sulphonamides in M. fortuitum. This region also contains an open reading frame homologous to one present in Tn1696 (member of the Tn21 family) which encodes a site-specific integrase. The mycobacterial resistance element is flanked by repeated sequences of 880 base pairs similar to the insertion elements of the IS6 family found in Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. The insertion element is shown to transpose to different sites in the chromosome of a related fast-growing species, M. smegmatis. The characterization of this element should permit transposon mutagenesis in the analysis of mycobacterial virulence and related problems. 相似文献
98.
S B England L V Nicholson M A Johnson S M Forrest D R Love E E Zubrzycka-Gaarn D E Bulman J B Harris K E Davies 《Nature》1990,343(6254):180-182
99.
Reduced somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex from cases of Alzheimer disease and Alzheimer senile dementa 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Both Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT) are progressive dementias characterized neuropathologically by the presence in the cerebral cortex of numerous neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. We use the abbreviation AD/SDAT to denote all such cases, irrespective of age of onset. Studies of neurotransmitter-related parameters in autopsied brain tissues from patients with AD/SDAT have, to date, been confined to five putative transmitter systems. Acetycholine-releasing neurones seem to be most markedly and consistently affected, as judged by the extensive reductions in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase activities that have been reported. Despite numerous studies, there is no consistent evidence for the involvement of neurones releasing dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, or gamma-aminobutyric acid in AD/SDAT, nor for loss of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Thus, the involvement of cholinergic neurones in AD/SDAT seems to be specific. However, the possible involvement of neurones using other chemicals as transmitters has yet to be explored. The recent recognition of the existence of so-called 'peptidergic neurones' in the mammalian brain (for review see ref. 8) and the availability of radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques for studying these peptides, have led us to begin a systematic investigation of neuropeptides in autopsied brain tissue from cases of AD/SDAT, and from neurologically normal individuals. We report here results obtained with a RIA for somatostatin, showing that somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex is reduced in tissue from AD/SDAT patients. 相似文献
100.