Convergent dental adaptations in pseudo-tribosphenic and tribosphenic mammals

Tribosphenic molars of basal marsupials and placentals are a major adaptation, with the protocone (pestle) of the upper molar crushing and grinding in the talonid basin (mortar) on the lower molar. The extinct pseudo-tribosphenic mammals have a reversed tribosphenic molar in which a pseudo-talonid is anterior to the trigonid, to receive the pseudo-protocone of the upper molar. The pseudo-protocone is analogous to the protocone, but the anteriorly placed pseudo-talonid is opposite to the posterior talonid basin of true tribosphenic mammals. Here we describe a mammal of the Middle Jurassic period with highly derived pseudo-tribosphenic molars but predominantly primitive mandibular and skeletal features, and place it in a basal position in mammal phylogeny. Its shoulder girdle and limbs show fossorial features similar to those of mammaliaforms and monotremes, but different compared with those of the earliest-known Laurasian tribosphenic (boreosphenid) mammals. The find reveals a much greater range of dental evolution in Mesozoic mammals than in their extant descendants, and strengthens the hypothesis of homoplasy of 'tribosphenic-like' molars among mammals.     

De Casteljau Algorithm and Degree Elevation of Toric Surface Patches

De Casteljau algorithm and degree elevation of Bézier and NURBS curves/surfaces are two important techniques in computer aided geometric design. This paper presents the de Casteljau algorithm and degree elevation of toric surface patches, which include tensor product and triangular rational Bézier surfaces as special cases. Some representative examples of toric surface patches with common shapes are illustrated to verify these two algorithms. Moreover, the authors also apply the degree elevation of toric surface patches to isogeometric analysis. And two more examples show the effectiveness of proposed method.     

Mutations in the RNA exosome component gene EXOSC3 cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia and spinal motor neuron degeneration

RNA exosomes are multi-subunit complexes conserved throughout evolution and are emerging as the major cellular machinery for processing, surveillance and turnover of a diverse spectrum of coding and noncoding RNA substrates essential for viability. By exome sequencing, we discovered recessive mutations in EXOSC3 (encoding exosome component 3) in four siblings with infantile spinal motor neuron disease, cerebellar atrophy, progressive microcephaly and profound global developmental delay, consistent with pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1 (PCH1; MIM 607596). We identified mutations in EXOSC3 in an additional 8 of 12 families with PCH1. Morpholino knockdown of exosc3 in zebrafish embryos caused embryonic maldevelopment, resulting in small brain size and poor motility, reminiscent of human clinical features, and these defects were largely rescued by co-injection with wild-type but not mutant exosc3 mRNA. These findings represent the first example of an RNA exosome core component gene that is responsible for a human disease and further implicate dysregulation of RNA processing in cerebellar and spinal motor neuron maldevelopment and degeneration.     

考虑施工过程影响的PCCP地震响应分析

为了研究地震作用下施工过程对预应力钢筒混凝土管(PCCP)的影响,建立考虑PCCP施工过程影响的非线性有限元模型,利用生死单元技术实现PCCP从地应力平衡到施加预应力钢丝预应力、铺设管道,再到回填回填土过程的有限元分析,以压实度作为衡量回填土施工质量的指标,基于黏弹性人工边界理论、等效节点力地震动输入法以及静-动力边界...     

多岩性储集层暂堵压裂缝高扩展特征试验研究

针对多岩性组合储集层的裂缝高度扩展问题,通过制备不同岩性的人工试样,并开展了室内压裂物理模拟试验,同时加入暂堵剂,分析不同岩性差异、射孔位置及排量下的水力压裂缝高扩展特征,创新了试样压后三维裂缝重构方法。结果表明：不同岩性组合试样下的主要缝高截止机制由岩石力学性质所决定,高杨氏模量岩层会阻挡缝高穿层。当层间力学性质差异较小时,裂缝发生转向扩展突破,缝高发生穿层;当层间力学性质差异较大时,裂缝扩展限制于同一岩层,缝高难以突破岩层界面。低排量下,缝高截止于应力区分界面,暂堵压裂后,裂高继续延伸突破高应力区;高排量下,裂缝沿最小主应力横向扩展,加入暂堵剂发生,裂缝转向形成新的裂缝。当射孔位置居上时,试样缝高倾向于向上扩展,暂堵压裂后形成新的起裂点;射孔位置居下,缝高扩展贯穿整个试样,暂堵压裂后形成相平行的新裂缝。研究结果为多岩性组合储集层现场压裂方案设计提供了室内试验指导。     

六棱柱滚筒冷渣机传热效率影响研究

冷渣机是CFB（circulating fluidized bed）锅炉的重要辅机,其传热效率对CFB锅炉的连续稳定运行发挥着重要作用,为了进一步分析颗粒传热效率的关系。以一种多管式六棱柱滚筒冷渣机为研究载体,冷渣管内高温灰渣颗粒为研究对象,基于离散元方法及其数值模型,运用商用软件EDEM（extended discrete element method）来模拟分析高温灰渣颗粒在冷渣管内的传热过程。将颗粒温度T规范化处理为量纲温度T?,以平均温度、温度概率密度函数T-PDF和颗粒运动规律为指标定量分析滚筒转速和颗粒直径对灰渣颗粒传热过程的影响。其中,六棱柱冷渣管边长L=200 mm,长500 mm,壁厚10 mm,管初始温度360 K,颗粒初始温度1200 K。结果表明：颗粒的传热效率随着转速的增加而增加,n=10 r/min相对于n=4 r/min的散热效率增加了61.1%;颗粒的传热效率随着粒径的增大而减小,d=5 mm相对于d=3 mm散热效率的下降了30.7%。转速是通过翻转次数来影响传热效率,粒径是影响接触点碰撞次数来影响传热效率。     

基于组合权重的模糊可变模型及在防洪风险评价中应用

针对以往防洪工程体系风险评价中多采用主观权重法确定各评价指标权重的不足,提出基于主客观组合权重的模糊可变模式识别模型.模型采用投影寻踪法计算客观权重,在投影目标函数中引入信息熵,投影值计算采用可变模糊集模型,从而增加了模型的可靠性.对于主客观权重的组合方法,模型采用最小鉴别信息原理推导出主客观权重组合公式.计算实例表明,该模型能较好地考虑评价指标的主客观权重,模型识别结果稳定、有效.     

基于因子图的Turbo码译码

Turbo码和LDPC码都可以实现接近Shannon理论极限的性能，Turbo码由于成员RSC码所固有的移位寄存器特性使得其编码较为容易实现，而对于接近Shannon容量的LDPC码，则需要大量的矩阵乘法运算才能完成信息的编码，电路实现较为复杂，另一方面，采用和积算法的LDPC码的译码过程则比采用BCJR算法（及其简化形式）的Turbo译码更加容易实现，且计算复杂度更低，将Turbo编码与LDPC码的译码相结合，对Turbo采用基于其因子图表示的和积译码算法进行译码，可以在很大程度上降低Turbo码的译码复杂度，并对交织器的设计及成员码的选择有一定的指导作用，仿真结果证明了该方案的有效性。     

Rutile U-Pb age for the ultrahigh pressure eclogite from the Dabie Mountains,central China: Evidence for rapid cooling

The U-Pb isotope compositions of rutile, omphacite and garnet in the eclogite from the Jinheqiao area in the Southern Dabie ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic zone were analyzed. The consistent high precision U-Pb age (218 ± 1.2) Ma of rutile in eclogite from the Dabie Mountains was obtained by two ways of isochron and common Pb correction based on the composition of omphacite. This proves that the omphacite in eclogite has a U/Pb ratio (m = 2.8) low enough to be used for common Pb correction in the analyses of rutile. Under the rapid cooling condition (40℃/Ma) the closure temperature for U-Pb diffusion in rutile is about 470℃. Thus, this U-Pb age of rutile proves that 218 Ma should be the cooling age of eclogite at 470℃ instead of the peak metamorphic age.     

引入方向因子的最小回路、最大回路搜索算法

提出了最小回路、最大回路和方向因子的概念，基于方向因子构造了最小回路、最大回路搜索算法。算法依据图论知识，建立改进后的无向图邻接矩阵，根据节点坐标确定搜索始点，将搜索边失量化，结合节点坐标求解邻接边的方向因子，按方向因子的大小可以快速确定搜索边，形成了无向图中最小回路、最大回路搜索算法。该算法每搜索一次都可以确定一条搜索边，通过生成退化图减小下一次搜索的搜索范围，提高了搜索速度，反映出较小的时间复杂度。根据该算法编制了相应的算法程序，成功解决了建筑工程量计算中的外墙壁和房间划分问题。