HDAC6 rescues neurodegeneration and provides an essential link between autophagy and the UPS

A prominent feature of late-onset neurodegenerative diseases is accumulation of misfolded protein in vulnerable neurons. When levels of misfolded protein overwhelm degradative pathways, the result is cellular toxicity and neurodegeneration. Cellular mechanisms for degrading misfolded protein include the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the main non-lysosomal degradative pathway for ubiquitinated proteins, and autophagy, a lysosome-mediated degradative pathway. The UPS and autophagy have long been viewed as complementary degradation systems with no point of intersection. This view has been challenged by two observations suggesting an apparent interaction: impairment of the UPS induces autophagy in vitro, and conditional knockout of autophagy in the mouse brain leads to neurodegeneration with ubiquitin-positive pathology. It is not known whether autophagy is strictly a parallel degradation system, or whether it is a compensatory degradation system when the UPS is impaired; furthermore, if there is a compensatory interaction between these systems, the molecular link is not known. Here we show that autophagy acts as a compensatory degradation system when the UPS is impaired in Drosophila melanogaster, and that histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a microtubule-associated deacetylase that interacts with polyubiquitinated proteins, is an essential mechanistic link in this compensatory interaction. We found that compensatory autophagy was induced in response to mutations affecting the proteasome and in response to UPS impairment in a fly model of the neurodegenerative disease spinobulbar muscular atrophy. Autophagy compensated for impaired UPS function in an HDAC6-dependent manner. Furthermore, expression of HDAC6 was sufficient to rescue degeneration associated with UPS dysfunction in vivo in an autophagy-dependent manner. This study suggests that impairment of autophagy (for example, associated with ageing or genetic variation) might predispose to neurodegeneration. Morover, these findings suggest that it may be possible to intervene in neurodegeneration by augmenting HDAC6 to enhance autophagy.     

区域城乡协调发展的综合评价——以宁波为例

城乡之间的协调表现在很多方面.要全面、客观地评价一个地区的城乡协调发展情况,必须建立科学合理的评价指标体系,选择恰当的评价方法.本文结合宁波市的实际情况,讨论了城乡协调发展的内涵和目标,提出了城乡协调发展评价指标体系和方法,揭示了宁波市近年城乡协调发展方面存在的问题和未来可能的变化态势.     

邻甲苯胺在银纳米棒生长中作用的探讨

探讨了邻甲苯胺在制备银纳米棒中的作用.在邻甲苯胺存在下利用乙醇还原硝酸银制备了银纳米棒.产物经过XRD、TEM表征.对比实验表明不加邻甲苯胺或当邻甲苯胺形成配合物(2-(2-甲基苯基)氨基-4-(2-甲基苯基)亚氨基-2-戊烯)后,在类似条件下得到银纳米粒子.     

Hydroxyl radical electrochemically generated with water as the complete atom source and its environmental application

The most reactive hydroxyl radical （OH） was generated by electrochemical approach with safe water as the complete atom source. The direct evidence for OH formation was obtained by electron spin resonance method. The powerful OH electrochemically generated could effectively degrade organic pollutants and reduce the toxicity of wastewater. Electrochemical disinfection by OH was considerably efficient even without the aid of active chlorine. Bacteria inactivation of 99.99% was achieved for contact time of 30 min and current density of 5 mA·cm^-2, In comparison with active chlorine, OH is rather attractive as a promising environmentally benign disinfectant and opens a new route for microbial inactivation.     

建立吸附动力学方程的"多化一"方法

建立吸附动力学方程的关键是求出吸附动力学方程(如Elovich方程qt=A B lnt)中的参数A和B.该文提供了一种建立吸附动力学方程的新的"多化一"方法,即用作图软件GRAPHER对不同浓度时的数据进行拟合,求出各浓度时的吸附动力学方程中的参数A1,A2,A3,A4和B1,B2,B3,B4;再分别用这两组数据对浓度作图,求出用浓度表示的A和B,代入所选取的吸附动力学方程中即得最终所要建立的吸附动力学方程.以某放射性废物处置预选场址土壤对锶的吸附动力学方程的建立为例,与常用的最小二乘法比较可见,该方法更简单易行,准确度也较高.     

苏通大桥基础工程的挑战与创新

介绍了苏通大桥超大深水群桩基础利用工程钢护筒搭设施工平台、５０００t承台钢吊箱整体同步沉放 及其与防船撞结构相结合构成永久防船撞设施、永久冲刷防护等三项技术创新;提出了特大型桥梁基础工程经 济合理的设计方案和安全可靠的施工法;阐明了理念创新和技术集成对大型复杂工程建设的重要性。     

MB（A2/O）工艺的好氧、缺氧摄磷及微生物特性

为开发高效除磷脱氮技术,研制了将MBR与A２桙O工艺有机集成的新型MB（A２/O）组合工艺。研究 了MB（A２/O）工艺处理城市污水的好氧、缺氧摄磷性能及微生物特性,并分析了其机理。结果表明：在 MB（A２/O）系统中,聚磷菌约占活性污泥总量的２０％～４０％,其中大量存在能够利用NOX－N作为电子受体 进行反硝化除磷的DPB,约占聚磷菌数量的３５畅６６％～６７畅８３％。好氧摄磷的平均速率为２畅３０mgP·gMLSS－１· h－１,最大摄磷速率为５.４４mgP·gMLSS－１·h－１;缺氧摄磷的平均速率为１     

光电混合式电流互感器的研究设计与实现

电流互感器是电力系统中的重要设备,光电混合式电流互感器避免了传统电流互感器的缺点,具有广泛的应用前景.对光电混合式电流互感器做了具体的分析,提出了一种系统设计方案,并详细介绍了方案的具体实现方法.整个系统方案具有可行性,可以达到预想的要求,具有高集成度、高处理速度、高可靠性以及良好的实时性等优点,在电力系统中具有一定的研究价值与应用价值.     

计算机化自适应诊断测验新的选题策略

提出了一种既能满足属性平衡又能有效处理相似属性模式的新方法——改进的极大化整体判别认知诊断模型信息量指标法(MGCDI).对无结构型的属性,讨论定长CD-CAT的选题策略.研究结果表明,使用相同选题策略选题时,先选择可达矩阵的所有列对应的项目比不使用这些项目的诊断准确率高.     

信息熵的理解与验证

笔者在对信息熵原出处含义进行解读和对热力学熵原理进行理解的基础上,修正了信息量无限增加的理论解释.通过对计算机数据库中数据检索速度的测试,推导出速度公式,计算出每比特信息熵所需要的能量,发现实际数值与理论数值存在较大差异,得出布里渊的信息熵能量是信源与信道表面之间的熵变而非信源本身的熵变.