Critical Systems Thinking on the Inefficiency in Post-Earthquake Relief: A Practice in Longmen Shan Fault Area

The Longmen Shan Fault area is one of the most active seismic zones in the world, has a relatively dense population and a low economic development level. Therefore, the provision of effective post-earthquake relief is very important for saving lives and restricting financial losses. However, providing urgent relief is a complex problem that requires efficient coordination between the organizations, and departments involved, and the specific environments, for the supply of urgent materials, energy and information. In practice, although there are sufficient relief supplies, because of the lack of systemic thinking, relief activities are often chaotic leading to inefficiencies and even increases in the damage and loss of life. In this study, a critical systems thinking approach is used to reflect on the system contexts, boundaries, structures and functions of the emergency relief systems. Using systems modeling we constructed simulations for different relief plans and their consequences, and a work shop of metasynthetic engineering was constructed to integrate the different views, knowledge and contexts. At the practical stage, after the model’s validity was verified from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake data, based on the 2013 Lushan earthquake simulation results, some recommendations are made to improve future post-disaster relief operations. Finally, the significance of critical systems thinking is demonstrated to ensure effective and efficient of post-earthquake relief. Some limitations and future research also have been presented in conclusion.     

从王昌龄边塞诗看其对边塞战争的态度

王昌龄是唐代著名的边塞诗人,他对当时边塞战争的认识经历了一个不断深化的过程,从他的边塞诗中,我们可以清楚地看到其对当时边塞战争的态度。青年时代漫游边关,慷慨激昂,热情讴歌、积极支持保卫边关的战争;深入了解边塞和戍边士卒的现实情况后,他开始厌倦没完没了的开边战争;随着人生阅历的增加,他对边塞战争给人民带来的苦难有了更深的认识,到晚年他更是明确反对穷兵黩武的开边、扩边战争。     

周期性微结构的纳秒激光四光束干涉烧蚀研究

多光束干涉是一种快速制备大面积周期性微纳结构的简易方法.本文基于四光束干涉烧蚀技术,利用纳秒激光在硫化锌衬底上无掩模烧蚀制备大面积的结构阵列;并详细研究了结构形貌随曝光时间的演化规律;利用四光束干涉理论,重点研究了四光束干涉时角度误差引起的相移对于结构类型的影响;结合我们近几年的研究工作,讨论多光束干涉烧蚀面临的挑战及展望.     

Joint analysis of recurrent event data with a dependent terminal event

Recurrent event data frequently occur in many longitudinal studies, and the observation on recurrent events could be stopped by a terminal event such as death. This paper considers joint modeling and analysis of recurrent event and terminal event data through a common subject-specific frailty, in which the proportional intensity model is used for modeling the recurrent event process and the additive hazards model is used for modeling the terminal event time. Estimating equation approaches are developed for parameter estimation and asymptotic properties of the resulting estimators are established. In addition, some procedures are presented for model checking. The finite sample behavior of the proposed estimators is evaluated through simulation studies, and an application to a heart failure study is provided.     

对数线性模型的选择方法及其应用

为构造最佳对数线性模型,通过λ系数构造λ相关系数矩阵,将其作为对数线性模型中交互项选择的方法,并用于分析肺癌治疗数据。结果表明,选出的交互项可以构造最佳的模型对数据进行准确的分析,因此在应用对数线性模型分析前,先用相关系数矩阵进行探索性研究分析是很有必要的。     

Synthesis,characterization, and theoretical study of N,S-codoped nano-TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> with photocatalytic activities

Nitrogen and sulfur doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). Photocatalytic activities of the samples were investigated on the degradation of methyl orange (MO). The effect of the dopants on the electronic structure of TiO₂ was studied by the first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT). The orbital hybridization resulted in energy gap narrowing and electronic delocalization in the crystal of doped TiO₂. Mobile electrons of varied energetic states could offer enhanced electron transfer, together with optical absorption improvement. The results show that the doping elements of N and S play a cooperative role in the modification of electronic structure, which enhances the photocatalytic performance. The experimentally observed absorption edges of N-doped TiO₂, S-doped TiO₂, and N, S-codoped TiO₂ are 420, 413, and 429 nm, respectively, which can be explained by the theoretical calculation results.     

铁路货运网格数据平台关键技术研究

设计并实现了一个高扩展性、高可用性的数据网格系统RFGrid来处理海量的铁路货运数据.RFGrid提出一个虚拟化数据模型,集成全国各个铁路局所有的数据,提供全局统一的数据视图,支持灵活高效的构件化业务开发模式.RFGrid采用分布处理的模式,将任务分解到各个路局并行执行,所有处理细节对用户透明,降低了分布式数据处理的复杂性,提高了资源利用率.最后,利用真实的货运生产应用作为负载进行性能分析,结果显示RFGrid能显著提升货运数据处理的性能,提高了货运分析的效率,对提高运输组织水平有重要意义.     

Etching mechanism of barium strontium titanate （BST） thin films in CHF_3/Ar plasma

Reactive ion etching was used to etch barium strontium titanate thin films in a CHF3/Ar plasma.BST surfaces before and after etching were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the reaction ion etching mechanism,and chemical reactions had occurred between the F plasma and the Ba,Sr and Ti metal species.Fluorides of these metals were formed and remained on the surface during the etching process.Ti was almost completely removed because the TiF4 by-product is volatile.Minor quantities of Ti?F could still be detected by narrow scan X-ray photoelectron spectra,and Ti?F was thought to be present in the form of a metal-oxy-fluoride.These species were investigated from O1s spectra,and a fluoride-rich surface was formed during etching.BaF2 and SrF2 residues were difficult to remove because of their high boiling point.The etching rate was limited to 12.86 nm/min.C?F polymers were not found on the surface,indicating that the removal of BaF2 and SrF2 was important for further etching.A 1-min Ar/15 plasma physical sputtering was carried out for every 4 min of surface etching,which effectively removed remaining surface residue.Sequential chemical reaction and sputtered etching is an effective etching method for barium strontium titanate films.     

Drift characteristics of green macroalgae in the Yellow Sea in 2008 and 2010

In order to investigate the aggregation mechanism of green macroalgae (Enteromorpha prolifera) on the Qingdao coastline, the macroalgal drift characteristics in the Yellow Sea during June and July in 2008 and 2010 were simulated using a three-dimensional wave-tide-circulation coupled model. In June 2008, the monthly-mean surface current flowed onshore and its direction was almost perpendicular to the Qingdao coastline, which was identified as the main reason for a huge accumulation of algae in the coastal waters off Qingdao. The current became parallel to the coastline in July 2008; this shift in current direction led to little accumulation of algae near Qingdao and thus relieved the environmental pressure on the Olympic sailing events. By using the coupled model, we predicted that there would be no serious algal accumulation at Qingdao in late June 2010, which was later confirmed by observations. This study demonstrated that the drift path of macroalgae near Qingdao is mainly controlled by the surface current, which is primarily driven by wind. Regional climate change is therefore one of the means by which physical processes affect marine ecosystems.     

Channel model of pinhole gamma camera

The pinhole gamma camera is the basis of the newly developed method of high-resolution pinhole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In this paper, a pinhole gamma camera system was examined using the channel model of information theory. The model pinhole gamma camera was simplified from a noisy, lossy channel to a noiseless, lossless channel by assuming a plane source. An approximate formula of average mutual information for the pinhole gamma camera was then derived from the model. Imaging experiments validated the applicability of the analytic formula. The findings demonstrated that the pinhole gamma camera can be adequately described using the channel model of information theory, and that average mutual information can be considered a figure of merit for the optimizing design of the pinhole gamma camera.