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21.
The ability of killer T cells carrying the CD8 antigen to detect tumours or intracellular pathogens requires an extensive display of antigenic peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of potential target cells. These peptides are derived from almost all intracellular proteins and reveal the presence of foreign pathogens and mutations. How cells produce thousands of distinct peptides cleaved to the precise lengths required for binding different MHC class I molecules remains unknown. The peptides are cleaved from endogenously synthesized proteins by the proteasome in the cytoplasm and then trimmed by an unknown aminopeptidase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here we identify ERAAP, the aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing in the ER. ERAAP has a broad substrate specificity, and its expression is strongly upregulated by interferon-gamma. Reducing the expression of ERAAP through RNA interference prevents the trimming of peptides for MHC class I molecules in the ER and greatly reduces the expression of MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. Thus, ERAAP is the missing link between the products of cytosolic processing and the final peptides presented by MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. 相似文献
22.
23.
Mice injected with tetanus toxin (TTx) showed an increase of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) levels in the central nervous system. The increment was not uniform throughout the central nervous system. Particularly significant were the 25% and 80% increases observed, respectively, in whole brain and spinal cord. The levels of dopamine and norepinephrine remained unchanged. The subsequent studies of 5-HT turnover revealed a synthesis rate in the tetanic animals that was almost double that of controls. The degradation rate of the amine as well as the levels of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid were unaffected. 相似文献
24.
YanBen Han WeiDong Liu E. Actis R. Podesta TanQiang Wang TangYong Guo Feng Qu A. M. Pacheco A. A. Gonzalez E. Alonso QingGe Xiang DongPing Huang ZhiQiang Yin 《科学通报(英文版)》2008,53(16):2417-2420
We introduced the observations and researches using a Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) system with high precision, which was designed and made in China and installed in the Observatory of San Juan Uni- versity, Argentina, the capability of the system and the achievement of the cooperative procedure be- tween China and Argentina. The SLR station in San Juan, set up by China and Argentina, is quite sig- nificant for improving the distribution of SLR stations and enhancing the orbital coverage of the whole earth. Since the SLR system started to work in the Observatory of San Juan University in the beginning of 2006, the operation is rather good, and rich data with high precision have been obtained. Further plan of the cooperation for the near future is also presented. 相似文献
25.
V Smetacek C Klaas VH Strass P Assmy M Montresor B Cisewski N Savoye A Webb F d'Ovidio JM Arrieta U Bathmann R Bellerby GM Berg P Croot S Gonzalez J Henjes GJ Herndl LJ Hoffmann H Leach M Losch MM Mills C Neill I Peeken R Röttgers O Sachs E Sauter MM Schmidt J Schwarz A Terbrüggen D Wolf-Gladrow 《Nature》2012,487(7407):313-319
Fertilization of the ocean by adding iron compounds has induced diatom-dominated phytoplankton blooms accompanied by considerable carbon dioxide drawdown in the ocean surface layer. However, because the fate of bloom biomass could not be adequately resolved in these experiments, the timescales of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are uncertain. Here we report the results of a five-week experiment carried out in the closed core of a vertically coherent, mesoscale eddy of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, during which we tracked sinking particles from the surface to the deep-sea floor. A large diatom bloom peaked in the fourth week after fertilization. This was followed by mass mortality of several diatom species that formed rapidly sinking, mucilaginous aggregates of entangled cells and chains. Taken together, multiple lines of evidence-although each with important uncertainties-lead us to conclude that at least half the bloom biomass sank far below a depth of 1,000 metres and that a substantial portion is likely to have reached the sea floor. Thus, iron-fertilized diatom blooms may sequester carbon for timescales of centuries in ocean bottom water and for longer in the sediments. 相似文献
26.
M. Alvarez-Uria G. Gonzalez A. Menendez 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1986,42(10):1163-1165
Summary The action of high doses of clomiphene citrate on the nuclei of hypothalamic arcuate neurons of male cats has been studied. Clomiphene produces an accumulation of typical crystalloid material in the nuclei. After administration of a protein-synthesis inhibitor, no such material was observed in clomiphene-treated animals.These ultrastructural features could possibly be due to a more intense protein synthesis in the hypothalamic arcuate neurons. 相似文献
27.
Leroy EM Kumulungui B Pourrut X Rouquet P Hassanin A Yaba P Délicat A Paweska JT Gonzalez JP Swanepoel R 《Nature》2005,438(7068):575-576
The first recorded human outbreak of Ebola virus was in 1976, but the wild reservoir of this virus is still unknown. Here we test for Ebola in more than a thousand small vertebrates that were collected during Ebola outbreaks in humans and great apes between 2001 and 2003 in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. We find evidence of asymptomatic infection by Ebola virus in three species of fruit bat, indicating that these animals may be acting as a reservoir for this deadly virus. 相似文献
28.
Résumé Les rats soumis à la morphine ont été traités pendant la phase d'abstinence avec des injections i.p. d'amphéta mine et (–) 9-trans-tätrahydrocannabinol.
With a fellowship from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). We are very grateful to Prof.J. Ribeiro do Valle, Escola Paulista de Medicina, for the generous supply of THC. 相似文献
With a fellowship from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). We are very grateful to Prof.J. Ribeiro do Valle, Escola Paulista de Medicina, for the generous supply of THC. 相似文献
29.
M McDonald M Bayliss BA Benson RJ Foley J Ruel P Sullivan S Veilleux KA Aird ML Ashby M Bautz G Bazin LE Bleem M Brodwin JE Carlstrom CL Chang HM Cho A Clocchiatti TM Crawford AT Crites T de Haan S Desai MA Dobbs JP Dudley E Egami WR Forman GP Garmire EM George MD Gladders AH Gonzalez NW Halverson NL Harrington FW High GP Holder WL Holzapfel S Hoover JD Hrubes C Jones M Joy R Keisler L Knox AT Lee EM Leitch J Liu M Lueker D Luong-Van A Mantz DP Marrone JJ McMahon J Mehl SS Meyer ED Miller 《Nature》2012,488(7411):349-352
In the cores of some clusters of galaxies the hot intracluster plasma is dense enough that it should cool radiatively in the cluster's lifetime, leading to continuous 'cooling flows' of gas sinking towards the cluster centre, yet no such cooling flow has been observed. The low observed star-formation rates and cool gas masses for these 'cool-core' clusters suggest that much of the cooling must be offset by feedback to prevent the formation of a runaway cooling flow. Here we report X-ray, optical and infrared observations of the galaxy cluster SPT-CLJ2344-4243 (ref. 11) at redshift z = 0.596. These observations reveal an exceptionally luminous (8.2?×?10(45)?erg?s(-1)) galaxy cluster that hosts an extremely strong cooling flow (around 3,820 solar masses a year). Further, the central galaxy in this cluster appears to be experiencing a massive starburst (formation of around 740 solar masses a year), which suggests that the feedback source responsible for preventing runaway cooling in nearby cool-core clusters may not yet be fully established in SPT-CLJ2344-4243. This large star-formation rate implies that a significant fraction of the stars in the central galaxy of this cluster may form through accretion of the intracluster medium, rather than (as is currently thought) assembling entirely via mergers. 相似文献
30.
Pericapillar spaces of the rat pineal gland belong to the most active sites of this organ. Neighborhood of sympathetic nerve endings, capillaries and pinealocyte processes facilitates possibly the synthesis and the secretion of methoxyindoles. Lipid droplets migrate through the pinealocyte cellular processes towards the terminal enlargement or poles, where they are secreted into the pericapillar space, and the possibility that indoleamines are included in the lipid droplets has been discussed. 相似文献