基因重复在基因选配(gene co-option)过程中的重要作用: 对motilin/ghrelin 荷尔蒙基因家族及其受体基因家族的进化研究

原先存在的基因经过一些改良可能获得新的属性从而承担新的功能. 在分子遗传的层次, 这个过程通常伴随基因重复以及基因重复后旁系同源基因的功能分化. 本研究探索了基因重复后荷尔蒙、受体间特异性相互作用的演化形成. 尽管对这个问题已有相关研究报道,但针对更多个案的研究能帮助我们更好地理解此前已经提出的进化模型的普遍性, 可能还有助于发现新的进化模式. 基于生物信息学的手段, 结合比较基因组学、系统发育学的方法, 本研究揭示, ghrelin 前体基因和motilin 前体基因是由一个祖先基因重复而来, 基因重复发生在羊膜动物与两栖动物刚刚分歧之后. 与此形成鲜明对照, 它们各自的特异性受体却呈现了很不一样的进化历史. GPR39 最先分化出来, 而后一个祖先基因经连续的基因重复分化为鱼类特异的进化支A, GHSR 和MLNR, 基因重复发生在射线鳍鱼(ray-finned fish)与四足动物分化之前. ghrelin/GHSR 信号系统的功能从鱼类到哺乳动物的进化过程中始终保守. motilin-MLNR之间的特异性相互作用是荷尔蒙基因重复后, MLN 与GHRL 基因分化之后, 在羊膜动物世系中配体与受体协同进化而形成的. 该结果提示, 在分子水平上, 基于保守的分子元件, 新的神经内分泌响应模式能够通过基因重复后的基因选配过程形成. 基因重复既节俭又极具创造力, 为生物多样性的演化提供了物质基础.     

利用树轮宽度重建过去238 年来内蒙古喀喇沁年降水量

根据树轮气候学实验步骤, 经过精确交叉定年, 建立了内蒙古喀喇沁地区油松树木年轮宽度年表. 相关函数分析表明, 树轮宽度年表与上年8 月至当年7 月的降水总量显著相关,在此基础上设计转换方程, 重建了该地区1771~2008 AD 之间上年8 月至当年7 月的降水总量, 方差解释量达49.3% (调整自由度后为47.1%). 重建序列可与邻近赤峰-围场地区已有的树轮降水序列进行良好对比. 在1771~2008 AD 期间有8 个降水量较多的时期(高于多年平均值)和7 个降水量较少的时期(低于多年平均值), 分别反映了东亚夏季风较强和较弱的时期.功率谱分析检测出重建降水序列含有120, 80, 8 和2 a 左右的准周期.     

Neural crest regulates myogenesis through the transient activation of NOTCH

How dynamic signalling and extensive tissue rearrangements interact to generate complex patterns and shapes during embryogenesis is poorly understood. Here we characterize the signalling events taking place during early morphogenesis of chick skeletal muscles. We show that muscle progenitors present in somites require the transient activation of NOTCH signalling to undergo terminal differentiation. The NOTCH ligand Delta1 is expressed in a mosaic pattern in neural crest cells that migrate past the somites. Gain and loss of Delta1 function in neural crest modifies NOTCH signalling in somites, which results in delayed or premature myogenesis. Our results indicate that the neural crest regulates early muscle formation by a unique mechanism that relies on the migration of Delta1-expressing neural crest cells to trigger the transient activation of NOTCH signalling in selected muscle progenitors. This dynamic signalling guarantees a balanced and progressive differentiation of the muscle progenitor pool.     

RNAi screen identifies Brd4 as a therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukaemia

Epigenetic pathways can regulate gene expression by controlling and interpreting chromatin modifications. Cancer cells are characterized by altered epigenetic landscapes, and commonly exploit the chromatin regulatory machinery to enforce oncogenic gene expression programs. Although chromatin alterations are, in principle, reversible and often amenable to drug intervention, the promise of targeting such pathways therapeutically has been limited by an incomplete understanding of cancer-specific dependencies on epigenetic regulators. Here we describe a non-biased approach to probe epigenetic vulnerabilities in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), an aggressive haematopoietic malignancy that is often associated with aberrant chromatin states. By screening a custom library of small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting known chromatin regulators in a genetically defined AML mouse model, we identify the protein bromodomain-containing 4 (Brd4) as being critically required for disease maintenance. Suppression of Brd4 using shRNAs or the small-molecule inhibitor JQ1 led to robust antileukaemic effects in vitro and in vivo, accompanied by terminal myeloid differentiation and elimination of leukaemia stem cells. Similar sensitivities were observed in a variety of human AML cell lines and primary patient samples, revealing that JQ1 has broad activity in diverse AML subtypes. The effects of Brd4 suppression are, at least in part, due to its role in sustaining Myc expression to promote aberrant self-renewal, which implicates JQ1 as a pharmacological means to suppress MYC in cancer. Our results establish small-molecule inhibition of Brd4 as a promising therapeutic strategy in AML and, potentially, other cancers, and highlight the utility of RNA interference (RNAi) screening for revealing epigenetic vulnerabilities that can be exploited for direct pharmacological intervention.     

An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing

The seminal importance of DNA sequencing to the life sciences, biotechnology and medicine has driven the search for more scalable and lower-cost solutions. Here we describe a DNA sequencing technology in which scalable, low-cost semiconductor manufacturing techniques are used to make an integrated circuit able to directly perform non-optical DNA sequencing of genomes. Sequence data are obtained by directly sensing the ions produced by template-directed DNA polymerase synthesis using all-natural nucleotides on this massively parallel semiconductor-sensing device or ion chip. The ion chip contains ion-sensitive, field-effect transistor-based sensors in perfect register with 1.2 million wells, which provide confinement and allow parallel, simultaneous detection of independent sequencing reactions. Use of the most widely used technology for constructing integrated circuits, the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, allows for low-cost, large-scale production and scaling of the device to higher densities and larger array sizes. We show the performance of the system by sequencing three bacterial genomes, its robustness and scalability by producing ion chips with up to 10 times as many sensors and sequencing a human genome.     

Transient ferromagnetic-like state mediating ultrafast reversal of antiferromagnetically coupled spins

Ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic spin ordering is governed by the exchange interaction, the strongest force in magnetism. Understanding spin dynamics in magnetic materials is an issue of crucial importance for progress in information processing and recording technology. Usually the dynamics are studied by observing the collective response of exchange-coupled spins, that is, spin resonances, after an external perturbation by a pulse of magnetic field, current or light. The periods of the corresponding resonances range from one nanosecond for ferromagnets down to one picosecond for antiferromagnets. However, virtually nothing is known about the behaviour of spins in a magnetic material after being excited on a timescale faster than that corresponding to the exchange interaction (10-100?fs), that is, in a non-adiabatic way. Here we use the element-specific technique X-ray magnetic circular dichroism to study spin reversal in GdFeCo that is optically excited on a timescale pertinent to the characteristic time of the exchange interaction between Gd and Fe spins. We unexpectedly find that the ultrafast spin reversal in this material, where spins are coupled antiferromagnetically, occurs by way of a transient ferromagnetic-like state. Following the optical excitation, the net magnetizations of the Gd and Fe sublattices rapidly collapse, switch their direction and rebuild their net magnetic moments at substantially different timescales; the net magnetic moment of the Gd sublattice is found to reverse within 1.5 picoseconds, which is substantially slower than the Fe reversal time of 300 femtoseconds. Consequently, a transient state characterized by a temporary parallel alignment of the net Gd and Fe moments emerges, despite their ground-state antiferromagnetic coupling. These surprising observations, supported by atomistic simulations, provide a concept for the possibility of manipulating magnetic order on the timescale of the exchange interaction.     

Robins have a magnetic compass in both eyes

Arising from W. Wiltschko et al. 419, 467-470 (2002); Wiltschko et al. replyThe magnetic compass of migratory birds is embedded in the visual system and it has been reported by Wiltschko et al. that European Robins, Erithacus rubecula, cannot show magnetic compass orientation using their left eye only. This has led to the notion that the magnetic compass should be located only in the right eye of birds. However, a complete right lateralization of the magnetic compass would be very surprising, and functional neuroanatomical data have questioned this notion. Here we show that the results of Wiltschko et al. could not be independently confirmed using double-blind protocols. European Robins can perform magnetic compass orientation with both eyes open, with the left eye open only, and with the right eye open only. No clear lateralization is observed.