Host-parasitoid associations in patchy environments

Studies of insect host-parasitoid interactions have contributed much to the consensus that spatial patchiness is important in the regulation of natural populations. A variety of theoretical models predict that host and parasitoid populations, although unstable in the absence of environmental heterogeneity, may persist at roughly steady overall densities in a patchy environment owing to variation in levels of parasitism from patch to patch. Observed patterns of parasitism, however, have a variety of forms (with variation in attack rates among patches depending directly or indirectly on host density, or showing variation uncorrelated with host density). There is some confusion about the dynamical consequences of these different forms. Here we first show how the dynamical effects of all these forms of environmental heterogeneity can be assessed by a common criterion. This 'CV2 greater than 1 rule' states that the overall population densities will remain roughly steady from generation to generation if the coefficient of variation squared (CV2) of the density of searching parasitoids in the vicinity of each host exceeds approximately unity. By partitioning CV2 into components, we show that both direct and inverse patterns of dependence on host density, and density-independent patterns, all contribute to population regulation in the same way. Second, we show how a maximum-likelihood method can be applied to the kind of field data that are usually available (that is, percentage parasitism versus local host density) to estimate the components of CV2. This analysis indicates that heterogeneity is large enough to stabilize dynamics in 9 of 34 published studies, and that density-independent heterogeneity is the main factor in most cases.     

长江口悬浮颗粒有机絮凝研究

用带电子探针的扫描电子显微镜分析和测定了长江口悬浮颗粒样品,在不同盐度的试样中,首次发现了大小、形状,组成各不相同的有机絮凝体.作者根据长江口的物理化学环境和悬浮颗粒的性质,探讨了有机絮凝体的形成机理,认为二步桥联模式能比较园满地解释长江口悬浮颗粒有机絮凝体的形成.     

机床整机建模的自由界面模态综合改进方法之一

对会诸多结合面的复杂机械结构(如机床)的动态分析,由于结合部位的位移不连续性,通常位移协调的动态子结构法已不再适用。本文通过引入联接子结构概念,消除了结合部的位移不连续性,并使各子结构的模态综合步骤与通常的自由界面模态综合法相似,统一了连续结构与具有形变不连续结合面的复杂结构的自由界面子结构法,扩大了自由界面法的适用范围。     

s-单式环的交换性定理(英文)

本文将文献[3]的引理1推广到s-单式环上,并用迭代技术给出文献[4]的定理2一个简易的证明,将若干有1环的交换性定理推广到s-单式环上。     

一类周期拟环的结构

本文得到了拟环满足条件ｘｙ＝ｘｙ￣（ｎ（ｘ，ｙ）ｘ或ｘｙ＝ｙｘ￣（ｎ（ｘ，ｙ）ｙ的分解定理。     

二自由度自谐式机器人动力学的研究

本文对引用弹性元件的二自由度谐式机器人的动力学进行了分析,在该模型中引入了负反馈系统。按预期的机构运动规律和系统的稳定性要求,研究了反馈放大系数的合理选择,并对构件单独和同时运动的仿真图线进行了分析。     

可用于累煤层露天矿山的多周期目标规划模型

本文给出了一个可应用于复合煤层露天矿短期生产计划优化的目标规划模型.模型考虑了与煤质、煤产量及开采程序合理性有关的亏损与盈利.该方法利用了带有客观地确定权重系数的目标规划加权法.文后又给出了一个能说明该模型应用于实际采矿问题的例子.     

GM-CSF induces human neutrophil IgA-mediated phagocytosis by an IgA Fc receptor activation mechanism

Immunoglobulin A is the primary immunoglobulin isotype in tears, saliva, breast milk and other mucosal secretions, constituting between 6% and 15% of the total serum immunoglobulins. Human peripheral blood neutrophils have IgA receptors, but these cells do not normally participate in IgA-mediated phagocytosis. The haematopoietic factors granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) prime neutrophils to be more responsive to a variety of stimuli. We therefore studied their effect on IgA-mediated phagocytosis. GM-CSF and G-CSF both induce a change from low to high-affinity neutrophil IgA Fc crystallizable fragment receptors within 30 min; a change which is associated with the development of IgA-mediated phagocytosis. Human IL-3, which does not affect neutrophil function, is inactive in this system. These results define a new mechanism for CSF-augmented host defence whereby neutrophil function can be modulated by CSF-mediated IgA Fc receptor activation.     

A new A4 amyloid mRNA contains a domain homologous to serine proteinase inhibitors

The amyloid proteins isolated from neuritic plaques and the cerebrovasculature of Alzheimer's disease are self-aggregating moieties termed A4 protein and beta-protein, respectively. A putative A4 amyloid precursor (herein termed A4(695] has been characterized by analysis of a human brain complementary DNA. We report here the sequence of a closely related amyloid cDNA, A4(751), distinguished from A4(695) by the presence of a 168 base-pair (bp) sequence which adds 57 amino acids to, and removes one residue from, the predicted A4(695) protein. The peptide predicted from this insert is very similar to the Kunitz family of serine proteinase inhibitors. The two A4-specific messenger RNAs are differentially expressed: in a limited survey, A4(751) mRNA appears to be ubiquitous, whereas A4(695) mRNA has a restricted pattern of expression which includes cells from neuronal tissue. These data may have significant implications for understanding amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease.     

Protease inhibitor domain encoded by an amyloid protein precursor mRNA associated with Alzheimer's disease

Amyloid B-protein/amyloid A4 is a peptide present in the neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and cerebrovascular deposits in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) and may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Recent molecular genetic studies have indicated that amyloid protein is encoded as part of a larger protein by a gene on human chromosome 21 (refs 6-9). The amyloid protein precursor (APP) gene is expressed in brain and in several peripheral tissues, but the specific biochemical events leading to deposition of amyloid are not known. We have now screened complementary DNA libraries constructed from peripheral tissues to determine whether the messenger RNA encoding APP in these tissues is identical to that expressed in brain, and we identify a second APP mRNA that encodes an additional internal domain with a sequence characteristic of a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor. The alternative APP mRNA is present in both brain and peripheral tissues of normal individuals and those with Alzheimer's disease, but its pattern of expression differs from that of the previously reported APP mRNA.