Stimulation of olfactory ensheathing cell motility enhances olfactory axon growth

Axons of primary olfactory neurons are intimately associated with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) from the olfactory epithelium until the final targeting of axons within the olfactory bulb. However, little is understood about the nature and role of interactions between OECs and axons during development of the olfactory nerve pathway. We have used high resolution time-lapse microscopy to examine the growth and interactions of olfactory axons and OECs in vitro. Transgenic mice expressing fluorescent reporters in primary olfactory axons (OMP-ZsGreen) and ensheathing cells (S100ß-DsRed) enabled us to selectively analyse these cell types in explants of olfactory epithelium. We reveal here that rather than providing only a permissive substrate for axon growth, OECs play an active role in modulating the growth of pioneer olfactory axons. We show that the interactions between OECs and axons were dependent on lamellipodial waves on the shaft of OEC processes. The motility of OECs was mediated by GDNF, which stimulated cell migration and increased the apparent motility of the axons, whereas loss of OECs via laser ablation of the cells inhibited olfactory axon outgrowth. These results demonstrate that the migration of OECs strongly regulates the motility of axons and that stimulation of OEC motility enhances axon extension and growth cone activity.     

Molecular basis of parathyroid hormone receptor signaling and trafficking: a family B GPCR paradigm

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor type 1 (PTHR), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), transmits signals to two hormone systems—PTH, endocrine and homeostatic, and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), paracrine—to regulate different biological processes. PTHR responds to these hormonal stimuli by activating heterotrimeric G proteins, such as G_S that stimulates cAMP production. It was thought that the PTHR, as for all other GPCRs, is only active and signals through G proteins on the cell membrane, and internalizes into a cell to be desensitized and eventually degraded or recycled. Recent studies with cultured cell and animal models reveal a new pathway that involves sustained cAMP signaling from intracellular domains. Not only do these studies challenge the paradigm that cAMP production triggered by activated GPCRs originates exclusively at the cell membrane but they also advance a comprehensive model to account for the functional differences between PTH and PTHrP acting through the same receptor.     

正常新生儿及婴儿睡眠振幅整合脑电图分析

为研究振幅整合脑电图(aEEG)在脑发育过程中的变化规律,根据87例无特殊疾病的新生儿和婴儿的睡眠脑电数据绘制aEEG图形。分析aEEG随受孕后年龄(PMA)增加的变化趋势。结果表明,PMA极小新生儿的aEEG呈现高度非连续性;约27周后可从aEEG波形中发现睡眠周期;37周后睡眠周期表现为高、低幅值顺次相接的波谱带。aEEG上、下边缘随PMA的增加呈上升趋势,其中脑电波幅升高较明显的年龄阶段为PMA<33周以及PMA>44周。aEEG能够反映新生儿脑发育成熟度,在临床领域有一定的应用价值。     

Predictability of Plastic Parts Behaviour Made from Rapid Manufacturing

One of the most important issues to resolve in parts manufactured from rapid manufacturing (RM) technologies is to know their behavior working under real conditions. Total quality manufacturing (TQM) is only possible if mechanical properties are well known in the design stage depending on the processing parameters. This work is mainly focused on testing of several samples made with different selective laser sintering (SLS) parameters and technologies. This procedure is the starting point to establish a basis for designing for RM and the standardization of RM testing. The experiments and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyzed the effects of several factors on mechanical properties. The SLS technologies were 3DSystem and EOS. The results show which factor has a large effect on the variables and the interaction between them. The conclusions are very useful for developing rules for designing (designing for RM) and creating new standard rules (ISO, AISI, and DIN) for RM materials and parts testing. The ANOVA gives a better knowledge of the effects of these factors and eliminates unimportant parameters.     

Torsional Models of Two - ply Yarn

In this paper,the vector equation of a generaliseddoubly wound helix was derived.Treloar's pliedyarn geometry could be obtained as a special case ofthe generalised doubly wound helix.The shortest fi-bre length around the surface of a helical tube(formed by fibre helices)was determined by apply-ing variational principles.The fibre length as calcu-lated by using Treloar's geometry was compared in-directly with the shortest possible fibre length at dif-ferent levels of yarn deformation when some of Tre-loar's rigid geometrical constraints were relaxed.Anew idea based on non-concentric circles was intro-duced to approximate the fibre helix movement in atwo-ply yarn.A torsional model of two-ply yarnwas developed and the theoretical predictions werecompared with some preliminary experimental re-sults.     

用ALE法数值模拟三分支管三维气体流场

采用分块耦合技术,利用泊松方程生成三维贴体网格．用ＡＬＥ法对一截面为圆形的三分支管三维稳态湍流流场进行了数值模拟,并与激光多普勒测量结果进行比较．计算显示：模拟结果与试验结果符合较好,能反映三分支管的流动特性．     

基于螺旋理论的机构弹性的几何分解

介绍一种对模拟机器人弹性的６×６刚度和柔顺矩阵进行对角化的几何分解方法．采用螺旋理论,从三个正交的外载螺旋柔顺轴和三个正交的变形螺旋柔顺轴推导得一个相似变换,对角元素是线性及旋转柔顺和刚度的静态值．这与应力、应变及转动惯量的主轴和主值类似,证明了对非奇异及奇异情况,分解总是存在的,并给出了分解表达式．