"Every Man in His Notions" or Alchemists' Discussion on Artificial Intelligence

A survey of the main approaches in a mind study -oriented part of Artificial Intelligence is made focusing on controversial issues and extreme hypotheses. Various meanings of terms: "intelligence" and "artificial intelligence" are discussed. Limitations for constructing intelligent systems resulting from the lack of formalized models of cognitive activity are shown. The approaches surveyed are then recapitulated in the light of these limitations.     

Aging of the erythrocyte. XIV. ATP content does decrease

Summary ATP content shows a cell-age dependent decrease in bovine erythrocytes separated according to Murphy. An important point in the evaluation of results lies in considering differences in the ATP consumption between cells of various age during separation. The decrease in ATP occurs in spite of diminished ATPase activity in older cells. We are indebted to Prof. W. Leyko for valuable remarks.     

Morphine selectively facilitates the inspiratory-inhibitory vagal reflex in adult rabbits

In rabbits naive to opiates or pretreated with morphine a selective morphine-induced facilitation of the Breuer-Hering inflation reflex is described.     

Estrogens in 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid induced femaleness ofCucurbita pepo L.

Résumé L'acide 2-chloroéthylphosphonique (un substitut de l'éthylène) augmente la féminité deCucurbita pepo L. On observe en même temps une augmentation des strogènes endogènes. Il est possible que ces derniers participent à la différenciation du sexe chez les plantes.

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Acknowledgments: We are grateful to Amchem Products, Inc., Ambler (Pa., USA) for a gift sample of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel formulation 68–250).     

Invertebrate neuropeptides resembling vasotocin and some analogues: Synthesis and pharmacological properties

Summary The solid phase synthesis of three invertebrate vasopressin-oxytocin homologs: AVP-like factor, F₁ ¹, ([Leu², Thr⁴] AVT)² isolated from subesophageal and thoracic ganglia ofLocusta migratoria ³, Arg-conopressin-S⁴. ([Ile², Arg⁴] AVT), Lys-conopressin-G⁴ ([Phe², Arg⁴] LVT), both isolated from the venom of fish-hunting marine snails of the genusConus and six of their analogues is reported. These analogues are: [Arg⁴] AVT, [Ile²] AVT, [Leu²] AVT, [Phe², Arg⁴] AVT, [Arg⁴] LVT and [Ile², Arg⁴] LVT. All peptides were tested for antidiuretic and vasopressor activities.