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GoDARTS UKPDS Diabetes Pharmacogenetics Study Group;Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium Zhou K Bellenguez C Spencer CC Bennett AJ Coleman RL Tavendale R Hawley SA Donnelly LA Schofield C Groves CJ Burch L Carr F Strange A Freeman C Blackwell JM Bramon E Brown MA Casas JP Corvin A Craddock N Deloukas P Dronov S Duncanson A Edkins S Gray E Hunt S Jankowski J Langford C Markus HS Mathew CG Plomin R Rautanen A Sawcer SJ Samani NJ Trembath R Viswanathan AC Wood NW;MAGIC investigators 《Nature genetics》2011,43(2):117-120
Metformin is the most commonly used pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes. We report a genome-wide association study for glycemic response to metformin in 1,024 Scottish individuals with type 2 diabetes with replication in two cohorts including 1,783 Scottish individuals and 1,113 individuals from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study. In a combined meta-analysis, we identified a SNP, rs11212617, associated with treatment success (n = 3,920, P = 2.9 × 10(-9), odds ratio = 1.35, 95% CI 1.22-1.49) at a locus containing ATM, the ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene. In a rat hepatoma cell line, inhibition of ATM with KU-55933 attenuated the phosphorylation and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in response to metformin. We conclude that ATM, a gene known to be involved in DNA repair and cell cycle control, plays a role in the effect of metformin upstream of AMP-activated protein kinase, and variation in this gene alters glycemic response to metformin. 相似文献
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This review focuses on conceptual and methodological advances in our understanding and characterization of the conformational
heterogeneity of proteins. Focusing on X-ray crystallography, we describe how polysterism, the interconversion of pre-existing
conformational substates, has traditionally been analyzed by comparing independent crystal structures or multiple chains within
a single crystal asymmetric unit. In contrast, recent studies have focused on mining electron density maps to reveal previously
‘hidden’ minor conformational substates. Functional tests of the importance of minor states suggest that evolutionary selection
shapes the entire conformational landscape, including uniquely configured conformational substates, the relative distribution
of these substates, and the speed at which the protein can interconvert between them. An increased focus on polysterism may
shape the way protein structure and function is studied in the coming years. 相似文献
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Genetic Analysis of Psoriasis Consortium & the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium Strange A Capon F Spencer CC Knight J Weale ME Allen MH Barton A Band G Bellenguez C Bergboer JG Blackwell JM Bramon E Bumpstead SJ Casas JP Cork MJ Corvin A Deloukas P Dilthey A Duncanson A Edkins S Estivill X Fitzgerald O Freeman C Giardina E Gray E Hofer A Hüffmeier U Hunt SE Irvine AD Jankowski J Kirby B Langford C Lascorz J Leman J Leslie S Mallbris L Markus HS Mathew CG McLean WH McManus R 《Nature genetics》2010,42(11):985-990
To identify new susceptibility loci for psoriasis, we undertook a genome-wide association study of 594,224 SNPs in 2,622 individuals with psoriasis and 5,667 controls. We identified associations at eight previously unreported genomic loci. Seven loci harbored genes with recognized immune functions (IL28RA, REL, IFIH1, ERAP1, TRAF3IP2, NFKBIA and TYK2). These associations were replicated in 9,079 European samples (six loci with a combined P < 5 × 10?? and two loci with a combined P < 5 × 10??). We also report compelling evidence for an interaction between the HLA-C and ERAP1 loci (combined P = 6.95 × 10??). ERAP1 plays an important role in MHC class I peptide processing. ERAP1 variants only influenced psoriasis susceptibility in individuals carrying the HLA-C risk allele. Our findings implicate pathways that integrate epidermal barrier dysfunction with innate and adaptive immune dysregulation in psoriasis pathogenesis. 相似文献
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通过对华北克拉通不同陆核斜长角闪岩类氧同位素组成测试和分析,表明:(ⅰ) 来自不同陆核的岩石氧同位素数据所构成的演化线都平行于地月演化线,说明这些陆核演化的母体属于太阳系物质;(ⅱ) 不同陆核的氧同位素组成演化线斜率相近,截距不同,说明华北克拉通太古宙不同陆核起源于氧同位素组成不均一的古地幔源. 相似文献