C. elegans cell-signalling gene sem-5 encodes a protein with SH2 and SH3 domains.

The induction of the hermaphrodite vulva and the migration of the sex myoblasts in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are both controlled by intercellular signalling. The gonadal anchor cell induces formation of the vulva from nearby hypodermal cells, and a set of somatic gonadal cells attract the migrating sex myoblasts to their final positions. Many genes required for vulval induction have been identified, including the let-23 receptor tyrosine kinase gene and the let-60 ras gene. We report here the identification and characterization of a new gene, sem-5 (sem, sex muscle abnormal), that acts both in vulval induction and in sex myoblast migration. On the basis of its DNA sequence, sem-5 encodes a novel 228-amino-acid protein which consists almost entirely of one SH2 (SH, src homology region) and two SH3 domains. SH2 and SH3 domains are present in many signalling proteins regulated by receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Mutations that impair sem-5 activity alter residues that are highly conserved among different SH2 and SH3 domains. Our results indicate that the sem-5 gene encodes a novel protein that functions in at least two distinct cell-signalling processes.     

基于GM(1,1)灰色系统的公路货运量预测模型的研究

灰色系统理论已成功运用于工业、农业、经济、能源、交通等领域,利用灰色系统理论建立的我国公路货运量预测模型精度高,计算值和统计值吻合程度较好.根据预测模型计算出的未来几年我国公路货运量对我国汽车工业、能源工业和交通部门都具有较高的参考价值.     

供应链中一种基于营销创新的合作竞争博弈模型

成员合作关系是供应链管理的重要研究内容.随着市场竞争程度日趋剧烈,供应链上企业成员为了自身利益不断进行创新性活动.本文利用信息经济学理论从投入产出的角度对一个制造商和一个销售商构成的供应链的营销创新能力进行了分析研究,研究结果表明,制造商与销售商不合作时,为了自身的利益,也会进行营销创新投入,但分别比合作时的投入少.     

回载可分的闭环供应链多车辆运输策略

从车辆路径的角度研究了具有一个配送中心、多台车辆结合前向物流配送和逆向物流回载的闭环供应链运输策略,考虑到逆向物流中回收产品的数量不确定性、不同形态及可分批运输的特点,引入冗余库存限制和成本惩罚,建立并分析了问题的数学模型.通过引入2σ原则构造了先寻找较优分组后组内运用基于TSP的插入算法进行优化调整的启发式求解方法.算例分析表明该策略的合理有效性.     

电价不确定环境下发电商的最优投资时机及其概率分析

电力改革使得发电商成为发电市场上的独立投资主体,在此背景下研究了发电商投资决策问题.从投资收益最大化作为投资决策的基本原则出发,利用鞅和测度转换理论分析了电价的变化特性对发电容量项目最优投资时机和投资概率的影响.结果表明电量电价不确定环境下发电商具有延迟投资的倾向,而容量电价对发电容量投资则具有很强的激励作用.结论显示不确定是投资风险的根源,电价不确定性的增加提高了发电商的投资风险,降低了发电项目的投资概率.     

Can out‐of‐sample forecast comparisons help prevent overfitting?

This paper shows that out‐of‐sample forecast comparisons can help prevent data mining‐induced overfitting. The basic results are drawn from simulations of a simple Monte Carlo design and a real data‐based design similar to those used in some previous studies. In each simulation, a general‐to‐specific procedure is used to arrive at a model. If the selected specification includes any of the candidate explanatory variables, forecasts from the model are compared to forecasts from a benchmark model that is nested within the selected model. In particular, the competing forecasts are tested for equal MSE and encompassing. The simulations indicate most of the post‐sample tests are roughly correctly sized. Moreover, the tests have relatively good power, although some are consistently more powerful than others. The paper concludes with an application, modelling quarterly US inflation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Secondary craters on Europa and implications for cratered surfaces

For several decades, most planetary researchers have regarded the impact crater populations on solid-surfaced planets and smaller bodies as predominantly reflecting the direct ('primary') impacts of asteroids and comets. Estimates of the relative and absolute ages of geological units on these objects have been based on this assumption. Here we present an analysis of the comparatively sparse crater population on Jupiter's icy moon Europa and suggest that this assumption is incorrect for small craters. We find that 'secondaries' (craters formed by material ejected from large primary impact craters) comprise about 95 per cent of the small craters (diameters less than 1 km) on Europa. We therefore conclude that large primary impacts into a solid surface (for example, ice or rock) produce far more secondaries than previously believed, implying that the small crater populations on the Moon, Mars and other large bodies must be dominated by secondaries. Moreover, our results indicate that there have been few small comets (less than 100 m diameter) passing through the jovian system in recent times, consistent with dynamical simulations.     

Compositional maps of Saturn's moon Phoebe from imaging spectroscopy

The origin of Phoebe, which is the outermost large satellite of Saturn, is of particular interest because its inclined, retrograde orbit suggests that it was gravitationally captured by Saturn, having accreted outside the region of the solar nebula in which Saturn formed. By contrast, Saturn's regular satellites (with prograde, low-inclination, circular orbits) probably accreted within the sub-nebula in which Saturn itself formed. Here we report imaging spectroscopy of Phoebe resulting from the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft encounter on 11 June 2004. We mapped ferrous-iron-bearing minerals, bound water, trapped CO2, probable phyllosilicates, organics, nitriles and cyanide compounds. Detection of these compounds on Phoebe makes it one of the most compositionally diverse objects yet observed in our Solar System. It is likely that Phoebe's surface contains primitive materials from the outer Solar System, indicating a surface of cometary origin.     

An integrated view of the chemistry and mineralogy of martian soils

The mineralogical and elemental compositions of the martian soil are indicators of chemical and physical weathering processes. Using data from the Mars Exploration Rovers, we show that bright dust deposits on opposite sides of the planet are part of a global unit and not dominated by the composition of local rocks. Dark soil deposits at both sites have similar basaltic mineralogies, and could reflect either a global component or the general similarity in the compositions of the rocks from which they were derived. Increased levels of bromine are consistent with mobilization of soluble salts by thin films of liquid water, but the presence of olivine in analysed soil samples indicates that the extent of aqueous alteration of soils has been limited. Nickel abundances are enhanced at the immediate surface and indicate that the upper few millimetres of soil could contain up to one per cent meteoritic material.     

Water alteration of rocks and soils on Mars at the Spirit rover site in Gusev crater

Gusev crater was selected as the landing site for the Spirit rover because of the possibility that it once held a lake. Thus one of the rover's tasks was to search for evidence of lake sediments. However, the plains at the landing site were found to be covered by a regolith composed of olivine-rich basaltic rock and windblown 'global' dust. The analyses of three rock interiors exposed by the rock abrasion tool showed that they are similar to one another, consistent with having originated from a common lava flow. Here we report the investigation of soils, rock coatings and rock interiors by the Spirit rover from sol (martian day) 1 to sol 156, from its landing site to the base of the Columbia hills. The physical and chemical characteristics of the materials analysed provide evidence for limited but unequivocal interaction between water and the volcanic rocks of the Gusev plains. This evidence includes the softness of rock interiors that contain anomalously high concentrations of sulphur, chlorine and bromine relative to terrestrial basalts and martian meteorites; sulphur, chlorine and ferric iron enrichments in multilayer coatings on the light-toned rock Mazatzal; high bromine concentration in filled vugs and veins within the plains basalts; positive correlations between magnesium, sulphur and other salt components in trench soils; and decoupling of sulphur, chlorine and bromine concentrations in trench soils compared to Gusev surface soils, indicating chemical mobility and separation.