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The forefront of research into the complexes of uranium reveals chemical transformations that challenge and expand our view of this unique element. Certain ligands form multiple bonds to uranium, and small, inert molecules such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide become reactive when in complex with the metal. Such complexes provide clues to the catalytic future of uranium, in which the applications of the element extend far beyond the nuclear industry. Most excitingly, the ability of uranium to use its outermost f electrons for binding ligands might enable the element to catalyse reactions that are impossible with conventional, transition-metal catalysts. 相似文献
104.
Recombination and linkage disequilibrium in Arabidopsis thaliana 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Kim S Plagnol V Hu TT Toomajian C Clark RM Ossowski S Ecker JR Weigel D Nordborg M 《Nature genetics》2007,39(9):1151-1155
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is a major aspect of the organization of genetic variation in natural populations. Here we describe the genome-wide pattern of LD in a sample of 19 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions using 341,602 non-singleton SNPs. LD decays within 10 kb on average, considerably faster than previously estimated. Tag SNP selection algorithms and 'hide-the-SNP' simulations suggest that genome-wide association mapping will require only 40%-50% of the observed SNPs, a reduction similar to estimates in a sample of African Americans. An Affymetrix genotyping array containing 250,000 SNPs has been designed based on these results; we demonstrate that it should have more than adequate coverage for genome-wide association mapping. The extent of LD is highly variable, and we find clear evidence of recombination hotspots, which seem to occur preferentially in intergenic regions. LD also reflects the action of selection, and it is more extensive between nonsynonymous polymorphisms than between synonymous polymorphisms. 相似文献
105.
Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium;Australo-Anglo-American Spondylitis Consortium 《Nature genetics》2007,39(11):1329-1337
We have genotyped 14,436 nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) and 897 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tag SNPs from 1,000 independent cases of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and breast cancer (BC). Comparing these data against a common control dataset derived from 1,500 randomly selected healthy British individuals, we report initial association and independent replication in a North American sample of two new loci related to ankylosing spondylitis, ARTS1 and IL23R, and confirmation of the previously reported association of AITD with TSHR and FCRL3. These findings, enabled in part by increased statistical power resulting from the expansion of the control reference group to include individuals from the other disease groups, highlight notable new possibilities for autoimmune regulation and suggest that IL23R may be a common susceptibility factor for the major 'seronegative' diseases. 相似文献
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Rogaeva E Meng Y Lee JH Gu Y Kawarai T Zou F Katayama T Baldwin CT Cheng R Hasegawa H Chen F Shibata N Lunetta KL Pardossi-Piquard R Bohm C Wakutani Y Cupples LA Cuenco KT Green RC Pinessi L Rainero I Sorbi S Bruni A Duara R Friedland RP Inzelberg R Hampe W Bujo H Song YQ Andersen OM Willnow TE Graff-Radford N Petersen RC Dickson D Der SD Fraser PE Schmitt-Ulms G Younkin S Mayeux R Farrer LA St George-Hyslop P 《Nature genetics》2007,39(2):168-177
The recycling of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) from the cell surface via the endocytic pathways plays a key role in the generation of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) in Alzheimer disease. We report here that inherited variants in the SORL1 neuronal sorting receptor are associated with late-onset Alzheimer disease. These variants, which occur in at least two different clusters of intronic sequences within the SORL1 gene (also known as LR11 or SORLA) may regulate tissue-specific expression of SORL1. We also show that SORL1 directs trafficking of APP into recycling pathways and that when SORL1 is underexpressed, APP is sorted into Abeta-generating compartments. These data suggest that inherited or acquired changes in SORL1 expression or function are mechanistically involved in causing Alzheimer disease. 相似文献
108.
Houlden H Johnson J Gardner-Thorpe C Lashley T Hernandez D Worth P Singleton AB Hilton DA Holton J Revesz T Davis MB Giunti P Giunti P Wood NW 《Nature genetics》2007,39(12):1434-1436
The microtubule-associated protein tau (encoded by MAPT) and several tau kinases have been implicated in neurodegeneration, but only MAPT has a proven role in disease. We identified mutations in the gene encoding tau tubulin kinase 2 (TTBK2) as the cause of spinocerebellar ataxia type 11. Affected brain tissue showed substantial cerebellar degeneration and tau deposition. These data suggest that TTBK2 is important in the tau cascade and in spinocerebellar degeneration. 相似文献
109.
Introduction Nucleate boiling has always been an important heat transfer mechanism in many fields, such as energy utilization, manufacturing processes, and chemical processing and nucleate boiling continues to find new applications in many new areas, such… 相似文献
110.
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Orr JC Fabry VJ Aumont O Bopp L Doney SC Feely RA Gnanadesikan A Gruber N Ishida A Joos F Key RM Lindsay K Maier-Reimer E Matear R Monfray P Mouchet A Najjar RG Plattner GK Rodgers KB Sabine CL Sarmiento JL Schlitzer R Slater RD Totterdell IJ Weirig MF Yamanaka Y Yool A 《Nature》2005,437(7059):681-686
Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms--such as corals and some plankton--will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean-carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously. 相似文献