Innovating Authentically: Cultural Differentiation in the Animation Sector

Systemic Practice and Action Research - This paper examines the concept of authentic innovation and the development of the animation industry in Malaysia. Authenticity is a concept that has been...     

Distribution of vertebrates of the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area

During a survey of the vertebrates in the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, 46 mammal, 210 bird, 9 reptile, 5 amphibian, and 28 fish species were found. Habitat structure and moisture were two environmental variables associated with species numbers across this 1,820-ha area. Eight distinct habitats were evaluated. In coniferous forests, 27% of the birds and 54% of the mammals were observed. Sagebrush/grasslands and upland shrublands were very arid and had relatively few vertebrates. Five introduced game birds occurred in sagebrush habitat. Riparian and wetland habitats had the largest number of unique vertebrates, 38 and 77 respectively. The establishment of Bighorn Lake in 1968 influenced the fisheries in streams and rivers as 10 introduced fish species are now there.     

Chloroplast ultrastructure in the desert shrub Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. albicaulis

Ultrastructure of the chloroplasts of white rubber rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britt. ssp. albicaulis ) was observed with electron microscopy. In addition, leaf anatomy was observed with light microscopy. Previously, it had been reported that the leaves of this desert shrub exhibited a relatively high rate of photosynthesis when compared to other C 3 plants. Comparisons with chloroplasts of other C 3 and C 4 plants demonstrated a reduced amount of granal stacking in the rabbitbrush. However, the classification of rabbitbrush as a C 3 plant is confirmed. RUBP-carboxylase concentration is reported at about 450 mg · ml -1 stromal space based on the estimation of 1 mg of chlorophyll per 25 ul of stromal space in a normal C 3 chloroplast and data from an assay to determine the ratio of RUBP-carboxylase to chlorophyll.     

Food habits of Burrowing Owls in southeastern Idaho

Food habits of a population of the Burrowing Owl ( Athene cunicularia ) at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Butte County, were studied. The 421 pellets examined yielded 2,436 prey items of at least 22 prey species. Invertebrates, largely insects, constituted 91 percent of the total prey items, but only 29 percent of the total biomass; mammals constituted 8 percent of the prey items, but 68 percent of the biomass. The prey were mostly nocturnal species; diurnal species were poorly represented.     

Melanism in endangered Mohave tui chub Siphateles bicolor mohavensis Snyder 1918 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

Although melanism has been reported in a wide variety of taxa, the presence of melanic individuals is relatively rare in fishes. Melanism in Mohave tui chub ( Siphateles bicolor mohavensis ), an endangered endemic of the Mojave Desert in California, is reported from 2 of 4 surveyed populations. The typical body color varies from dark brown to olive brown dorsally and is whitish ventrally; sides are silvery or golden, and fins are pale yellow to dusky red. While conducting population censuses in 2007–2008, we found 4 melanic Mohave tui chubs from 2 of 4 surveyed habitats. Two of 1049 fish (0.19%) handled from Lake Tuendae (Mojave National Preserve) and 2 of 1516 fish (0.13%) handled from Bud’s Pond (Camp Cady Wildlife Area) were melanic. Melanic individuals were dorsally black, gradually fading into blackish brown on the sides; the sides had a golden or silvery sheen, and fins were blackish brown. Though the occurrence of melanism is very rare, it may reflect underlying genetic variation, which is of particular interest to the conservation of rare and endangered species. Aunque se han reportado casos de melanismo en varios taxa, son relativamente poco frecuentes los individuos melánicos entre los peces. Se reporta la presencia de melanismo en 2 de las 4 poblaciones estudiadas de la carpa tui del Mohave ( Siphateles bicolor mohavensis ), una especie endémica en peligro de extinción del Desierto de Mojave en California. El color típico de su cuerpo varía entre café oscuro y café olivo en el dorso, con el abdomen blancuzco, los costados dorados o plateados y las aletas entre amarillo claro y rojo violáceo. Encontramos 4 carpas tui del Mohave melánicas en 2 de los 4 hábitats estudiados al hacer censos poblacionales entre 2007 y 2008. Fueron melánicos 2 de los 1049 peces (0.19%) y 2 de los 1516 peces (0.13%) examinados en el lago Tuendae (Mojave National Preserve) y en el estanque de Bud (Camp Cady Wildlife Area), respectivamente. Los individuos melánicos tenían el dorso de color negro que gradualmente se convertía en café negruzco hacia los costados, los cuales tenían un brillo dorado o plateado. Las aletas eran color café negruzco. Aunque el melanismo es relativamente poco común, podría reflejar la variación genética subyacente, la cual es de especial interés para la conservación de especies raras y en peligro de extinción.     

Life history variation in recently established populations of western mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis )

We report life history characteristics for 4 recently established populations of western mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ). Mosquitofish from thermally stable habitats, Bonham and Garrett, were characterized by maturity at large sizes, high fat reserves, and large embryos. In contrast, females from a thermally unstable habitat, Wabuska, matured at small sizes and had low fat reserves and small embryos. Females from Parker, a site with no appreciable thermal input, matured at intermediate sizes and had low fat reserves as well as large embryos. These populations shared a common ancestor in 1937; therefore, these results suggest either phenotypic plasticity or rapid evolution.     

Effects of myofibrogranuloma on serum calcium levels in walleye ( Stizostedion vitreum )

The effect of myofibrogranuloma (skeletal muscle degeneration) on serum calcium levels in spawning walleye ( Stizostedion vitreum ) was examined. Mean serum calcium levels for healthy male walleye (11.7 ± 1.5 mg/10 ml serum) was significantly lower ( P P < 0.1) in serum calcium were seen between healthy male and myofibrogranuloma-diseased male walleye (13.6 ± 2.1 mg/100 ml serum) and between healthy and myofibrogranuloma-diseased female walleye (20.2 ± 3.7 mg/100 ml serum). Elevations seen in mean serum calcium levels suggest the muscle degeneration and subsequent granuloma formation in later stages of myofibrogranuloma have a significant effect on serum calcium.     

Movements by small mammals on a radioactive waste disposal area in southeastern Idaho

Average linear movement by populations of Dipodomys ordii, Microtus montanus, Perognathus parvus, and Peromyscus maniculatus &nbsp; was investigated over a 15-month period by live trapping on a low-level, radioactive waste disposal area in Idaho. No significant differences in movement among habitats were observed seasonally, excepting M. montanus in spring. Average linear movements within habitats ranged from 20 to 70 m for all species, but some patterns varied seasonally and among age classes for individual species. Although predation on contaminated small mammals from the disposal area is a vector of radionuclide transport, local movements by these rodents do not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to contribute significantly to redistribution of radioactive particles.     

An earlier origin for the Acheulian

The Acheulian is one of the first defined prehistoric techno-complexes and is characterized by shaped bifacial stone tools. It probably originated in Africa, spreading to Europe and Asia perhaps as early as ～1?million years (Myr) ago. The origin of the Acheulian is thought to have closely coincided with major changes in human brain evolution, allowing for further technological developments. Nonetheless, the emergence of the Acheulian remains unclear because well-dated sites older than 1.4?Myr ago are scarce. Here we report on the lithic assemblage and geological context for the Kokiselei 4 archaeological site from the Nachukui formation (West Turkana, Kenya) that bears characteristic early Acheulian tools and pushes the first appearance datum for this stone-age technology back to 1.76?Myr ago. Moreover, co-occurrence of Oldowan and Acheulian artefacts at the Kokiselei site complex indicates that the two technologies are not mutually exclusive time-successive components of an evolving cultural lineage, and suggests that the Acheulian was either imported from another location yet to be identified or originated from Oldowan hominins at this vicinity. In either case, the Acheulian did not accompany the first human dispersal from Africa despite being available at the time. This may indicate that multiple groups of hominins distinguished by separate stone-tool-making behaviours and dispersal strategies coexisted in Africa at 1.76?Myr ago.     

Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes

'Orang-utan' is derived from a Malay term meaning 'man of the forest' and aptly describes the southeast Asian great apes native to Sumatra and Borneo. The orang-utan species, Pongo abelii (Sumatran) and Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean), are the most phylogenetically distant great apes from humans, thereby providing an informative perspective on hominid evolution. Here we present a Sumatran orang-utan draft genome assembly and short read sequence data from five Sumatran and five Bornean orang-utan genomes. Our analyses reveal that, compared to other primates, the orang-utan genome has many unique features. Structural evolution of the orang-utan genome has proceeded much more slowly than other great apes, evidenced by fewer rearrangements, less segmental duplication, a lower rate of gene family turnover and surprisingly quiescent Alu repeats, which have played a major role in restructuring other primate genomes. We also describe a primate polymorphic neocentromere, found in both Pongo species, emphasizing the gradual evolution of orang-utan genome structure. Orang-utans have extremely low energy usage for a eutherian mammal, far lower than their hominid relatives. Adding their genome to the repertoire of sequenced primates illuminates new signals of positive selection in several pathways including glycolipid metabolism. From the population perspective, both Pongo species are deeply diverse; however, Sumatran individuals possess greater diversity than their Bornean counterparts, and more species-specific variation. Our estimate of Bornean/Sumatran speciation time, 400,000?years ago, is more recent than most previous studies and underscores the complexity of the orang-utan speciation process. Despite a smaller modern census population size, the Sumatran effective population size (N(e)) expanded exponentially relative to the ancestral N(e) after the split, while Bornean N(e) declined over the same period. Overall, the resources and analyses presented here offer new opportunities in evolutionary genomics, insights into hominid biology, and an extensive database of variation for conservation efforts.