浅谈数理统计在工程中的运用

数理统计是具有广泛应用的一个数学分支,它越来越多地运用于理、工、农、医、文等方面,它在解决现代科学的最重要和最多样化的课题中起着主导作用。在现实生活和工作中,人们也越来越离不开统计。文章主要针对数理统计对工程数据的处理进行论述,用例举法来表述其在工程中的应用。     

Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world's most important non-grain food crop and is central to global food security. It is clonally propagated, highly heterozygous, autotetraploid, and suffers acute inbreeding depression. Here we use a homozygous doubled-monoploid potato clone to sequence and assemble 86% of the 844-megabase genome. We predict 39,031 protein-coding genes and present evidence for at least two genome duplication events indicative of a palaeopolyploid origin. As the first genome sequence of an asterid, the potato genome reveals 2,642 genes specific to this large angiosperm clade. We also sequenced a heterozygous diploid clone and show that gene presence/absence variants and other potentially deleterious mutations occur frequently and are a likely cause of inbreeding depression. Gene family expansion, tissue-specific expression and recruitment of genes to new pathways contributed to the evolution of tuber development. The potato genome sequence provides a platform for genetic improvement of this vital crop.     

The circadian molecular clock creates epidermal stem cell heterogeneity

Murine epidermal stem cells undergo alternate cycles of dormancy and activation, fuelling tissue renewal. However, only a subset of stem cells becomes active during each round of morphogenesis, indicating that stem cells coexist in heterogeneous responsive states. Using a circadian-clock reporter-mouse model, here we show that the dormant hair-follicle stem cell niche contains coexisting populations of cells at opposite phases of the clock, which are differentially predisposed to respond to homeostatic cues. The core clock protein Bmal1 modulates the expression of stem cell regulatory genes in an oscillatory manner, to create populations that are either predisposed, or less prone, to activation. Disrupting this clock equilibrium, through deletion of Bmal1 (also known as Arntl) or Per1/2, resulted in a progressive accumulation or depletion of dormant stem cells, respectively. Stem cell arrhythmia also led to premature epidermal ageing, and a reduction in the development of squamous tumours. Our results indicate that the circadian clock fine-tunes the temporal behaviour of epidermal stem cells, and that its perturbation affects homeostasis and the predisposition to tumorigenesis.     

Structural insight into brassinosteroid perception by BRI1

Brassinosteroids are essential phytohormones that have crucial roles in plant growth and development. Perception of brassinosteroids requires an active complex of BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) and BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1). Recognized by the extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain of BRI1, brassinosteroids induce a phosphorylation-mediated cascade to regulate gene expression. Here we present the crystal structures of BRI1(LRR) in free and brassinolide-bound forms. BRI1(LRR) exists as a monomer in crystals and solution independent of brassinolide. It comprises a helical solenoid structure that accommodates a separate insertion domain at its concave surface. Sandwiched between them, brassinolide binds to a hydrophobicity-dominating surface groove on BRI1(LRR). Brassinolide recognition by BRI1(LRR) is through an induced-fit mechanism involving stabilization of two interdomain loops that creates a pronounced non-polar surface groove for the hormone binding. Together, our results define the molecular mechanisms by which BRI1 recognizes brassinosteroids and provide insight into brassinosteroid-induced BRI1 activation.     

城市河道黑臭评价模型研究进展

介绍了城市河道黑臭的成因及机理,评述了目前国内外在城市河道黑臭评价方面所取得的一系列成果.对目前国内外各类河道黑臭评价模型进行比较,筛选出多元线性回归模型、有机污染指数模型、黑臭多因子加权指数模型和综合水质标识指数法这几种使用较为广泛的模型并进行分析,并对城市河道黑臭评价模型建立的发展趋势进行了展望.     

基于模糊人工神经网络的金属矿山投资风险评价

为了尽量减少金属矿山项目开发投资风险,总结分析了影响金属矿山投资的众多因素,将这些影响因素进行分级分类,建立科学的矿山投资评价体系.将模糊理论与神经网络结合起来建立评价模型,首先利用模糊理论对各影响指标进行模糊化处理,然后将模糊化后的结果作为神经网络的初始输入,利用神经网络进行学习训练,模型的最终输出结果可以用来评价金...     

一种基于视觉感知的复合医学图像分割算法

为提高医学图像分割的视觉效果,依据人类视觉感知的分层特性,提出了一种新的复合医学图像分割方法.该方法通过提取医学图像的底层特征,利用Fuzzy-ART神经网络作为像素的分类器,对医学图像进行连续两次分割.实验结果表明,该医学图像分割方法能有效地解决局部信息与整体分布边缘淡化等相关问题,达到良好的分割视觉效果.     

捷联惯导用挠性陀螺静态漂移误差建模

运用极轴翻滚试验,研究了捷联惯导系统使用的动力调谐式挠性陀螺的静态漂移误差的建模方法。仿真分析和试验验证表明,本方法具有建模准确、估计参数较多,对试验数据异常值不敏感等优点,具有较强的实用性。     

知识管理的综合战略动向

简要回顾了知识管理的概念由来及其发展概况,分析指出了当今知识管理的综合战略动向。认为知识管理的综合战略,系指紧密围绕主体对象(组织或个人)的中心工作而展开实施的全方位、多元化的知识创新战略,以期最终达到不同时期或不同阶段的规划目标。在强调综合战略研究方向和重视隐含知识的基础上,提出了基于综合战略的知识管理定义,为进一步拓展知识管理的理论前沿提供了一个崭新的视点。