北京大气细粒子PM2.5的化学组成

为了解北京大气细粒子(PM2.5)的污染水平和污染特征,在车公庄和清华园进行了连续1年、每周1次同步采样和全样品分析。2个采样点PM2.5的化学组成相似。含碳组分和水溶性离子是主要的组分,其质量浓度之和超过PM2.5的50%。有机碳、元素碳和细粒子PM2.5的季节变化一致,即冬季质量浓度最高,夏季最低。夏季NO-3的质量浓度最低且在采样过程中从特氟隆滤膜上有近50%的挥发。SO2-4不同于PM2.5的季节变化主要取决于SO2的转化率。地壳元素的质量浓度从冬季到春季大幅度上升,春季沙尘天气频是一个重要原因。     

Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is clinically heterogeneous: 40% of patients respond well to current therapy and have prolonged survival, whereas the remainder succumb to the disease. We proposed that this variability in natural history reflects unrecognized molecular heterogeneity in the tumours. Using DNA microarrays, we have conducted a systematic characterization of gene expression in B-cell malignancies. Here we show that there is diversity in gene expression among the tumours of DLBCL patients, apparently reflecting the variation in tumour proliferation rate, host response and differentiation state of the tumour. We identified two molecularly distinct forms of DLBCL which had gene expression patterns indicative of different stages of B-cell differentiation. One type expressed genes characteristic of germinal centre B cells ('germinal centre B-like DLBCL'); the second type expressed genes normally induced during in vitro activation of peripheral blood B cells ('activated B-like DLBCL'). Patients with germinal centre B-like DLBCL had a significantly better overall survival than those with activated B-like DLBCL. The molecular classification of tumours on the basis of gene expression can thus identify previously undetected and clinically significant subtypes of cancer.     

Temperature distribution study during the friction stir welding process of Al2024-T3 aluminum alloy

Heat flux characteristics are critical to good quality welding obtained in the important engineering alloy Al2024-T3 by the friction stir welding (FSW) process. In the present study, thermocouples in three different configurations were affixed on the welding samples to measure the temperatures: in the first configuration, four thermocouples were placed at equivalent positions along one side of the welding direction; the second configuration involved two equivalent thermocouple locations on either side of the welding path; while the third configuration had all the thermocouples on one side of the layout but with unequal gaps from the welding line. A three-dimensional, non-linear ANSYS computational model, based on an approach applied to Al2024-T3 for the first time, was used to simulate the welding temperature profiles obtained experimentally. The experimental thermal profiles on the whole were found to be in agreement with those calculated by the ANSYS model. The broad agreement between the two kinds of profiles validates the basis for derivation of the simulation model and provides an approach for the FSW simulation in Al2024-T3 and is potentially more useful than models derived previously.     

氢化非晶硅薄膜光吸收谱的恒定光电流测量法

本文报道了光吸收谱的恒定光电流（ＣｏｎｓｔａｎｔＰｈｏｔｏｃｕｒｒｅｎｔＭｅｔｈｏｄ）测量法，并用其测量了高速沉积的氢化非晶硅薄膜（ａ－Ｓｉ：Ｈ）的光吸收谱，同时观测了ＳｔａｅｂｌｅｒＷｒｏｎｓｋｉ（ＳＷ）效应中样品吸收系数的变化。     

关于用拉格朗日乘子法解静力学问题的一点商榷

本文指出在广义坐标下运用拉格朗日待定乘子法求解受完整约束的力学系统的静力学问题时,只能求出平衡位置而不能求出约束力,从而澄清文献[2]中的一个问题。     

Long‐memory dynamic Tobit models

We introduce a long‐memory dynamic Tobit model, defining it as a censored version of a fractionally integrated Gaussian ARMA model, which may include seasonal components and/or additional regression variables. Parameter estimation for such a model using standard techniques is typically infeasible, since the model is not Markovian, cannot be expressed in a finite‐dimensional state‐space form, and includes censored observations. Furthermore, the long‐memory property renders a standard Gibbs sampling scheme impractical. Therefore we introduce a new Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling scheme, which is orders of magnitude more efficient than the standard Gibbs sampler. The method is inherently capable of handling missing observations. In case studies, the model is fit to two time series: one consisting of volumes of requests to a hard disk over time, and the other consisting of hourly rainfall measurements in Edinburgh over a 2‐year period. The resulting posterior distributions for the fractional differencing parameter demonstrate, for these two time series, the importance of the long‐memory structure in the models. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

文化景观和土地利用自然保护O社会层面

文化景观是指居住在地球上的人类集团为满足社会经济需要所创造的景观，如：农田、城市、荒漠中的绿洲等。文化景观由人们创造，被人们利用，但是如何保持良好的生物多样性，并且与自然和谐共处呢？文化景观面临的挑战是社会经济的复杂性凌驾于自然保护的生物多样性之上。本书尝试接近这个复杂的事物，并提供理论背景、实践方针和实例。本书吸纳了来自欧洲和美国的科学家、管理者、独立顾问和政治家的观点。怀着对农业特殊的重视，     

羔山羊的超数排卵及体外受精

以ＦＳＨ或ＦＳＨ－ＬＨ四种不同处理方法对２９只６８～１１０日龄羔山羊进行超排处理，结果共采集卵泡卵母细胞７０８枚，平均每只羔羊采卵２４．４枚．卵母细胞经体外培养２４ｈ后有８１．２％的卵发育为成熟卵．分别用经钙离子载体Ａ＿（２３１７８）或肝素进行获能处理的精子对体外培养成熟的卵子进行体外受精，结果精子穿入卵率分别为５４．８％和３４．４％，发育至２～４细胞胚的卵裂率分别为２８．６％和４１．９％．采用ＦＳＨ－ＬＨ（肌注）进行超排处理得到的卵子经体外受精处理后，其卵裂率明显高于采用其它超排方法得到卵子的卵裂率．     

中国的红土它们的性质、管理和利用

中国的红土高度风化，极度贫瘠而且易被腐蚀。然而，它们又是中国能够被用于农业生产的最后的土壤，鉴于中国人口众多并且数量仍在增加，研究红土的应用是十分重要的。世界上还有很多地区有红土：南美洲的热带和亚热带地区、非洲和东南亚。而中国的这些红土很具有代表性，因此，如果中国的红土能被成功利用，那么将会在其他国家和地区产生巨大的潜在应用价值。