花-格管线腐蚀穿孔失效模型分析

为了寻找花 -格管线腐蚀穿孔的原因 ,对西起柴达木盆地西部的油沙山 ,东至其东部格尔木 ,全长 435.7km的花 -格管线运行以来的腐蚀穿孔次数进行统计分析和相关性计算 ,得出腐蚀穿孔累积数对数和运行时间的线性关系、腐蚀穿孔累积数和运行时间的指数关系 .模型表明腐蚀穿孔失效呈加速态势 ,其腐蚀失效机理是管道防腐层下电屏蔽的电化学自催化腐蚀和管道保温层中干湿交界处氧浓差腐蚀 .     

拓扑向量空间多目标规划锥有效解的广义最优性充分条件

在拓朴向量空间中，引进映射的几个锥广义凸概念，对于目标映射约束映射为Gateaux可导的情况，建立了拓朴向量空间多目标规划问题锥有效解和锥弱有效解在锥广义凸条件下的几个最优性充分条件。     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function

Cardiovascular diseases are predicted to be the most common cause of death worldwide by 2020. Here we show that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) maps to a defined quantitative trait locus (QTL) on the X chromosome in three different rat models of hypertension. In all hypertensive rat strains, ACE2 messenger RNA and protein expression were markedly reduced, suggesting that ace2 is a candidate gene for this QTL. Targeted disruption of ACE2 in mice results in a severe cardiac contractility defect, increased angiotensin II levels, and upregulation of hypoxia-induced genes in the heart. Genetic ablation of ACE on an ACE2 mutant background completely rescues the cardiac phenotype. But disruption of ACER, a Drosophila ACE2 homologue, results in a severe defect of heart morphogenesis. These genetic data for ACE2 show that it is an essential regulator of heart function in vivo.     

Prion-like behaviour and tau-dependent cytotoxicity of pyroglutamylated amyloid-β

Extracellular plaques of amyloid-β and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles made from tau are the histopathological signatures of Alzheimer's disease. Plaques comprise amyloid-β fibrils that assemble from monomeric and oligomeric intermediates, and are prognostic indicators of Alzheimer's disease. Despite the importance of plaques to Alzheimer's disease, oligomers are considered to be the principal toxic forms of amyloid-β. Interestingly, many adverse responses to amyloid-β, such as cytotoxicity, microtubule loss, impaired memory and learning, and neuritic degeneration, are greatly amplified by tau expression. Amino-terminally truncated, pyroglutamylated (pE) forms of amyloid-β are strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease, are more toxic than amyloid-β, residues 1-42 (Aβ(1-42)) and Aβ(1-40), and have been proposed as initiators of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Here we report a mechanism by which pE-Aβ may trigger Alzheimer's disease. Aβ(3(pE)-42) co-oligomerizes with excess Aβ(1-42) to form metastable low-n oligomers (LNOs) that are structurally distinct and far more cytotoxic to cultured neurons than comparable LNOs made from Aβ(1-42) alone. Tau is required for cytotoxicity, and LNOs comprising 5% Aβ(3(pE)-42) plus 95% Aβ(1-42) (5% pE-Aβ) seed new cytotoxic LNOs through multiple serial dilutions into Aβ(1-42) monomers in the absence of additional Aβ(3(pE)-42). LNOs isolated from human Alzheimer's disease brain contained Aβ(3(pE)-42), and enhanced Aβ(3(pE)-42) formation in mice triggered neuron loss and gliosis at 3 months, but not in a tau-null background. We conclude that Aβ(3(pE)-42) confers tau-dependent neuronal death and causes template-induced misfolding of Aβ(1-42) into structurally distinct LNOs that propagate by a prion-like mechanism. Our results raise the possibility that Aβ(3(pE)-42) acts similarly at a primary step in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.     

中国石龙子消化道内容物中微生物的初步研究

从中国石龙子（Eumeceschinensis）胃、小肠和大肠中分离出的细菌包括枸橼酸杆菌属的弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌（Cirrobacterfreundii）和异型构枸橼酸杆菌（Citrobacterdiversus）、变形杆菌属的奇异变形杆菌（Proteusmiralelis）、肠杆菌属的阴沟肠杆菌（Enterobactercloacae）、芽孢杆菌属的枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillussubtilis）、葡萄球菌属的表皮葡萄球菌（Staphylococcusepidermidis）和类杆菌属普通类杆菌（Bacteroidesvulqatus）．细菌在胃、小肠和大肠中分布数量为3．42×106、2．04×106和1．11×109．弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌为优势菌群．分离出的霉菌属于青霉属（Pencillium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）和毛孢子菌属（Trichosporon）,主要是青霉属．在胃、小肠和大肠中霉菌的数量分别是2.19×104、1．67×104和1．61×104,酵母菌和放线菌都未发现．     

苦茶Camellia assamica var kucha Chang et Wang的嘌呤生物碱

用重量法和柱层析法从苦茶Ｃａｍｅｌｌｉａ ａｓｓａｍｉｃａ ｖａｒｋｕｃｈａ Ｃｈａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｗａｎｇ 的嫩梢中分离出３ 种嘌呤生物碱, 经薄层层析、熔点测定、元素分析、核磁共振和质谱等对其结构的测定,鉴定为咖啡碱、１ , ３ , ７ , ９四甲基尿酸和可可碱, 其百分含量分别为０８８％ , ０８４ ％ 和０２９ ％ ． 样品水提物经氯仿萃取后直接由高压液相色谱分析, 测得苦茶含咖啡碱１９３２ ９％ ,四甲基尿酸１２９４ １ ％ , 可可碱０５８５ ５ ％ , 茶叶碱００１２ ８％ ． 这是茶组植物中嘌呤生物碱新的分布模式     

海南吊罗山热带山地雨林植物种类多样性研究

海南吊罗山热带山地雨林扫把青冈 鸭脚木群落共出现44个科,95个属的乔木树种190种,其中种类数量大于5个的有樟科(24种),茜草科(17种),山毛榉科(17种),山矾科(11种)和山茶科(11种),主要属为新木姜属(6种),蒲桃属(6种),山矾属(12种)和栎属(13种).群落以热带分布型物种占优势,为895%.其中,又以热带亚洲分布成分最多,占358%;其次是泛热带分布,占274%;其它热带分布型占253%,群落中存在一定比例的温带分布型,约95%,中国特有分布属所占比例极低,仅为11%说明其物种的分化程度较低,同时,也说明山地雨林可能是一个广泛分布于东亚的常绿阔叶林的原始代表类型.样地1共有单个体种45种,双个体种20种,分别占物种总数的304%和135%;样地2共有单个体种46种,双个体种26种,分别占物种总数的383%和217%,这些低密度的或小种群的偶见种相对群落的主要种来说,更容易受到各种胁迫的影响而在群落中绝灭,从而使群落的物种多样性降低.     

Population dynamics of the bark-dwelling spider Eustala perfida Mello-Leitão, 1947 (Araneidae)

Population dynamics of spiders may vary according to biotic and abiotic factors. We studied the phenology of the bark-dwelling spider Eustala perfida over a two-year period and investigated how temperature, precipitation, and prey availability were associated with the population of this species. The population of E. perfida presented a well-defined fluctuation, with one reproductive cycle per year. The recruitment of spiders occurred in summer, followed by successive phenological peaks at all stages of development. The species is protogynic, and the population of adult males peaks in the cold/dry season, indicating a winter mature phenological pattern. The diet of E. perfida is composed mainly of medium-sized homopterans, complemented by small dipterans and hymenopterans. We found that the higher abundance of spiders occurred two months after the highest values of precipitation and temperature, and three months after the higher abundance of potential prey items. These results indicate that spiders require time to respond to changes in environmental conditions. The species’ natural history and the structure of the trunks in which it lives may also affect the number of individuals in a particular area and over time.     

The Potential Benefits and Risks to the Environment in Using Bio-energy

Given the scarcity of oil reserves, renewable sources of energy have become important. The Brazilian government has established standards and policies to foment the use of bio-energy. Bio-fuels have widespread use and have been inserted into the national energy matrix to help sustainable development. It is necessary to establish the effectiveness of these government initiatives in preserving ecology; otherwise environmental harm such as the loss of biodiversity will increase. The objective of this paper is to identify and analyse, from a systems point of view, the potential benefits and risks to the environment which may arise from the use of bio-energy; whether its production is in agreement with the Brazilian constitution and whether its environmental impact is beneficial when it is exploited economically. It also examines the legal aspects of the National Energy Policy and the introduction of bio-diesel. We conclude that the place of bio-fuel in the Brazilian and the world’s energy matrix is irreversible and furthermore, that its role will increase sharply in the future.