决策表技术的演变及其应用领域

虽然决策表看上去似乎仍然与以前一样，当时主要用它去构造计算机程序逻辑，而今在内容和应用上已经有较大的改变。本文首先给出了决策表的一个直观定义和它的优点，接着较详细的概括了它的演变过程，而后给出决策表校正式的定义，在最后的部分中简单地描述了决策表的应用领域。     

小八角环刀杆式车削测力仪

本文介绍了最近研制出的一种小八角环刀杆式车削测力仪的结构特点、测力原理及性能实测结果,在车削测力仪结构小型化方面做了初步尝试。车刀和测力仪做成整体结构,无机械连接,结构尺寸小,重量轻,提高了测力仪的灵敏度、刚度、固有频率,线性度和重复性均好。由于它同外园车刀一样,可以装夹在车床的方刀架上,因此它既可以用于实验室作为测力仪对三向车削分力进行动态测量,又可以在实际生产上做为传感器或信号源对切削过程进行动态监测。本文还给出了在试验的基础上导出的测力仪固有频率的经验计算公式。     

Nitrification by plants that also fix nitrogen

Nitrification is a key stage in the nitrogen cycle; it enables the transformation of nitrogen into an oxidized, inorganic state. The availability of nitrates produced by this process often limits primary productivity and is an important determinant in plant community ecology and biodiversity. Chemoautotrophic prokaryotes are recognized as the main facilitators of this process, although heterotrophic nitrification by fungi may be significant under certain conditions. However, there has been neither biochemical nor ecological evidence to support nitrification by photoautotrophic plants. Here we show how certain legumes that accumulate the toxin, 3-nitropropionic acid, generate oxidized inorganic nitrogen in their shoots, which is returned to the soil in their litter. In nitrogen-fixing populations this 'new' nitrate and nitrite can be derived from the assimilation of nitrogen gas. Normally, the transformation of elemental nitrogen from the atmosphere into a fixed oxidized form (as nitrate) is represented in the nitrogen cycle as a multiphasic process involving several different organisms. We show how this can occur in a single photoautotrophic organism, representing a previously undescribed feature of this biogeochemical cycle.     

Centrosomes direct cell polarity independently of microtubule assembly in C. elegans embryos

Polarity establishment requires a symmetry-breaking event, resulting in an axis along which determinants are segregated. In Caenorhabditis elegans, oocytes are apolar and are triggered to polarize rapidly along one axis after fertilization. The establishment of this first polarity axis is revealed by the asymmetric distribution of PAR proteins and cortical activity in the one-celled embryo. Current evidence suggests that the centrosome-pronucleus complex contributed by the sperm is involved in defining the polarization axis. Here we directly assess the contribution of the centrosome to polarity establishment by laser ablating the centrosome before and during polarization. We find that the centrosome is required to initiate polarity but not to maintain it. Initiation of polarity coincides with the proximity of the centrosome to the cortex and the assembly of pericentriolar material on the immature sperm centrosome. Depletion of microtubules or the microtubule nucleator gamma-tubulin did not affect polarity establishment. These results demonstrate that the centrosome provides an initiating signal that polarizes C. elegans embryos and indicate that this signalling event might be independent of the role of the centrosome as a microtubule nucleator.     

Chemical remodelling of cell surfaces in living animals

Cell surfaces are endowed with biological functionality designed to mediate extracellular communication. The cell-surface repertoire can be expanded to include abiotic functionality through the biosynthetic introduction of unnatural sugars into cellular glycans, a process termed metabolic oligosaccharide engineering. This technique has been exploited in fundamental studies of glycan-dependent cell-cell and virus-cell interactions and also provides an avenue for the chemical remodelling of living cells. Unique chemical functional groups can be delivered to cell-surface glycans by metabolism of the corresponding unnatural precursor sugars. These functional groups can then undergo covalent reaction with exogenous agents bearing complementary functionality. The exquisite chemical selectivity required of this process is supplied by the Staudinger ligation of azides and phosphines, a reaction that has been performed on cultured cells without detriment to their physiology. Here we demonstrate that the Staudinger ligation can be executed in living animals, enabling the chemical modification of cells within their native environment. The ability to tag cell-surface glycans in vivo may enable therapeutic targeting and non-invasive imaging of changes in glycosylation during disease progression.     

Snake venom thrombin-like enzymes: from reptilase to now

The snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLEs) comprise a number of serine proteases functionally and structurally related to thrombin. Until recently, only nine complete sequences of this subgroup of the serine protease family were known. Over the past 5 years, the primary structure of several SVTLEs has been characterized, and now this family includes several members. Of particular interest is their possible use in pathologies such as thrombosis. The aim of the present review is to summarize the state of the art concerning the evolutionary, structural and biological features of the SVTLEs.Received 16 August 2003; received after revision 26 September 2003; accepted 1 October 2003     

The interface between silicon and a high-k oxide

The ability of the semiconductor industry to continue scaling microelectronic devices to ever smaller dimensions (a trend known as Moore's Law) is limited by quantum mechanical effects: as the thickness of conventional silicon dioxide (SiO(2)) gate insulators is reduced to just a few atomic layers, electrons can tunnel directly through the films. Continued device scaling will therefore probably require the replacement of the insulator with high-dielectric-constant (high-k) oxides, to increase its thickness, thus preventing tunnelling currents while retaining the electronic properties of an ultrathin SiO(2) film. Ultimately, such insulators will require an atomically defined interface with silicon without an interfacial SiO(2) layer for optimal performance. Following the first reports of epitaxial growth of AO and ABO(3) compounds on silicon, the formation of an atomically abrupt crystalline interface between strontium titanate and silicon was demonstrated. However, the atomic structure proposed for this interface is questionable because it requires silicon atoms that have coordinations rarely found elsewhere in nature. Here we describe first-principles calculations of the formation of the interface between silicon and strontium titanate and its atomic structure. Our study shows that atomic control of the interfacial structure by altering the chemical environment can dramatically improve the electronic properties of the interface to meet technological requirements. The interface structure and its chemistry may provide guidance for the selection process of other high-k gate oxides and for controlling their growth.     

Dawson结构钨钛磷杂多配合物~(183)WNMR谱的研究

研究了Dawson结构取代原子数与相应的183 WNMR谱中“极位”W原子的化学位移值间的关系 .预测了α - 1 ,2 [P2 W16Ti2 O62 ]10 -,α - 1 ,2 - [P2 W16(TiO2 )2 O60 ]10 -“极位”W原子183 WNMR谱化学位移值 ,结果α - 1 ,2 - [P2 W16Ti2 O62 ]10 -和α - 1 ,2 - [P2 W16(TiO2 ) 2 O60 ]10 -中与取代Ti相连“极位”W原子的化学位移值分别为 :- 5 9.3ym ,- 66.5ym ;与取代Ti相对称“极位”W原子的化学位移值分别为 :- 1 49.3ym ,- 1 62 .6ym ;与取代Ti不对称“极位”W原子的化学位移值分别为 :- 1 2 5 .4ym ,-1 31 .4ym .