谈原真性（Authenticity）

>authenticity是当前国际文化遗产领域中一个特别重要的术语,它出现在众多国际文化遗产文献当中,在文化遗产价值认证和文化遗产保护实践中起着不可替代的作用。国际遗产界的重要文件《奈良文献》即指出：“原真性……看来是评审遗产价值的本质因素。对原真性的认识,在所有的文化遗产研究中,在保护与修复规划中,在《世界遗产公约》和其他文化遗产目录所采用的申报程序中,发挥着基础性作用。”因此,准确理解和翻译这个术语,对于中国遗产界具有重要的理论和实践意义。然而,目前国内对于authenticity的翻译仍然处于混乱状态,多种译法并存。在各种译法中,尤以将其译为“真实性”最为常见。该译法散见于各类学术研究中,并见诸官方文件,如2004年2月15日国务院办公厅转发了九个部委联合发布的《关于加强我国世界文化遗产保护管理工作的意见》。这个文件中使用的就是“真实性”提法。那么将authenticity一词译为“真实性”是否合适呢？下面从该词本身的意义着手,进行细致分析。authenticity一词起源于中世纪的欧洲,在希腊语和拉丁语中有“权威的”(authoritative)和“原初的”(original)含义。它并非是文化遗产领域的专用术语,早在现代文化遗产理论出现之前,就已应用于伦理学、语言学、文学艺术等领域。在宗教占统治力量的中世纪,authenticity用来指宗教经本及宗教遗物的真实性^[1]。在英文词典Webster’s 9th New Collegiate Dictionary的释义中,authenticity有original(原初的)、real(真实的)、trustworthy(可信的)三层含义。英国文化遗产专家David Lowenthal认为,authenticity表示与“虚假”(false)相对应的“真正”(true),与“伪造”(fake)相对应的“真实”(real),与“复制”(copy)相对应的“原作”(original),与“欺骗”(corrupt)相对应的“诚实”(honest),与“世俗”(profane)相对应的“神圣”(sacred)。^[1]当“authenticity”一词应用于文化遗产领域时,是指文化遗产本身和所有相关信息的“原初”“真实”和“可信”。如果将authenticity译为“真实性”,此种翻译只表达了其中的real(真实的)、trustworthy(可信的)两层含义,而original(原初的)这层含义,却没有体现出来。但这层含义对于遗产理论和实践有着不可忽略的意义。original(原初的),包含着时间维度上的“真”,其中original可理解为第一手的,非复制的。这层意思表明,authenticity中的“真”,是一个与时间相关的概念,即时间起点和整个时间序列上各个点对于起始状态的“真”的反映。举个简单的例子,当面对一只在今天制造的金手镯时,人们讨论其是否是“真”,一般是指其是否用纯金制成;而面对一只古代的金手镯,当讨论其是否是“真”,不仅指其材料,更是指向时间维度,即这只金手镯是否是制造于古代而不是现代;如果这是一只古代著名人物用过的金手镯,那这个“真”还指代特定历史年代和特定历史人物,而这些信息都是不能复制的,都是“原”的。所以,“原”和“真”在指向的内容上有一定的交集,但并不是完全重合。在文化遗产领域翻译authenticity时,“原”的含义是不可以省略的。不恰当的翻译容易导致意思的缺损,会造成对术语的片面理解,影响人们对文化遗产领域中一些重要问题的判断,给文化遗产保护实践带来负面影响。一些学者提出了更为恰当的译法,其中“原真性”就是其中之一。张松提出：“原真性(authenticity),又译原生性、真实性、确实性、可靠性,主要有原始的、原创的、第一手的、非复制、非仿造等意思。”^[2]张成渝^[3],阮仪三^[4-5]等人都在文章中直接使用“原真性”作为“authenticity”一词的翻译。与其他译法相比,“原真性”一词中的“原”与“original”这层含义对应,“真”与“real”和“trustworthy”对应,完整得表达出了“authenticity”中所包含的三重含义,弥补了原译法的不足。这种译法能够与多样的文化遗产相适应,是对“authenticity”较为确切的中文翻译。     

Gap analysis of the vegetation of the Intermountain Semi-Desert ecoregion

A conservation gap analysis was conducted for the Intermountain Semi-Desert ecoregion to assess the representation of land-cover types within areas managed primarily for biodiversity objectives. Mapped distributions of plant communities were summarized by land-management status categories. The total amount of land permanently protected in the ecoregion is < 4%, and most types that are characteristic of the region have < 10%. Of 48 land-cover types, 20 were found to be particularly vulnerable to potential loss or degradation because of low level of representation in biodiversity management areas and the impact of expected land-use activities. Gap analysis data and findings will be useful in providing a regional perspective in project impact assessment and future conservation planning within this ecoregion.     

Role of post-Pleistocene dispersal in determining the modern distribution of Abert's squirrel

Abert's squirrel is a forest-dwelling mammal, dependent upon ponderosa pine, that now ranges from southern Wyoming to northern Mexico. During the late Pleistocene, ponderosa pine and this squirrel occurred no further north than central Arizona and New Mexico. In consequence, the present range of the squirrel north of the 36thparallel must have been the result of post-Pleistocene (Holocene) dispersal. If such dispersal took place after the fragmentation of the northern montane conifer forest, at least some leakage across barriers of unsuitable (non-ponderosa pine) habitat must have occurred. Dispersal following transplanting "experiments" has shown that such barriers can be crossed; other evidence is provided that suggests this may occur sufficiently often to produce significant changes in distribution within short periods of time. Thus, explanations for the distribution of Abert's squirrel, based only on historical legacy and local extinctions, are found to be insufficient. An alternative explanation is proposed in which post-Pleistocene dispersal also plays an important role.     

Post-pleistocene dispersal in the Mexican vole ( Microtus mexicanus ): an example of an apparent trend in the distribution of southwestern mammals

The present distribution of the Mexican vole ( Microtus mexicanus ) is not entirely the product of post-Pleistocene forest fragmentation and extinction; recent dispersal also is indicated. Literature records further suggest that this phenomenon may reflect a general pattern of northward range expansion in many southwestern mammal species.     

Deletion of a DNA sequence at the chromosomal region 3p21 in all major types of lung cancer

In childhood malignancies such as retinoblastoma and Wilms tumour, of which both familial and sporadic forms exist, recessive mutations of presumed differentiation genes have been implicated in tumorigenesis. A proportion of cases appear with microscopically visible chromosome deletions which indicate the regions where the genes concerned are located. Mutation or loss of one allele causes a cancer predisposition. For tumour development functional loss of the remaining normal allele is also required. In cancers with both familial and sporadic forms, molecular-genetic studies have shown that deletion is often one of the mutational events. Although familial and sporadic forms have never been distinguished in lung cancer, deletions of the short arm of chromosome 3 have been described for small cell lung cancer (SCLC), but their general occurrence in SCLC has been disputed. Using a molecular-genetic approach, we here present evidence for a consistent deletion at the chromosomal region 3p21, not only in SCLC, but in all major types of lung cancer.     

Cadmium — A complex environmental problem Part II

Summary In intensively populated countries efficient sewage treatment is essential to protect river quality. An inevitable by-product is sewage sludge which has to be disposed of safely and economically. Utilisation of sludge as a fertilizer of agricultural land is the most economic disposal route for inland sewage-treatment works and also benefits farmers by providing a cheap manure. Much of the cadmium in wastewater is concentrated into sludge which consequently contains higher concentrations of cadmium than soil does. It is impracticable to reduce cadmium concentrations in sludge below certain levels. When sludge is used on farmland rates of application must be controlled so that cadmium concentrations in soil never reach levels that could significantly contaminate food crops. Cadmium is a principal factor limiting the use of sludge on land. Nevertheless, it is a local problem since agricultural land in general receives more cadmium from aerial deposition and phosphatic fertilizers. The significance of accumulations of cadmium in soil depends mainly on its availability for crop uptake. Investigations are described which have attempted to identify and to determine the availability of forms of cadmium in soil. There is considerable research interest in cadmium in soil solution which is likely to be directly available for crop uptake. Another area of interest is the apparent disappearance of cadmium from sludge-treated soil. Soil analysis often cannot fully account for the cadmium added in sludge. Apart from the effect of soil conditions, especially pH value, crop uptake varies according to the particular crop examined. Highest concentrations of cadmium occur in tobacco, lettuce, spinach and other leafy vegetables. Using crop uptake data from field trials it is possible to relate potential human dietary intake of cadmium, on which hazard depends, to soil concentrations of cadmium, which can be controlled by regulating applications of sludge. This provides an objective basis for limits for cadmium concentrations in soils receiving sludge. Transfer of cadmium via farm animals to meat and dairy products for human consumption is thought to be minimal, even allowing for some direct ingestion of sludge-treated soil by the animals. Evidence from these and other investigations suggests that a loading rate limit of 5 kg Cd/ha (equivalent to a soil concentration of about 3.5 mg Cd/kg) affords adequate protection to the foodchain where sludge is used on agricultural land. More research work is needed to provide a basis for predicting the long-term availability of cadmium introduced to the soil in sludge.     

Selective blockade of components of potassium activation in Myxicola axons

The K+ conductance in Myxicola giant axons activates in two phases which are pharmacologically separable. The fast phase of K+ activation is specifically inhibited by 4-aminopyridine and by the substitution of D2O for H2O. We suggest Myxicola giant axons, like the amphibian node of Ranvier, may possess more than one variety of K+ channel.     

Translocation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides across the ER membrane requires Rft1 protein.

N-linked glycosylation of proteins in eukaryotic cells follows a highly conserved pathway. The tetradecasaccharide substrate (Glc3Man9GlcNAc2) is first assembled at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a dolichylpyrophosphate (Dol-PP)-linked intermediate, and then transferred to nascent polypeptide chains in the lumen of the ER. The assembly of the oligosaccharide starts on the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane with the synthesis of a Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol intermediate. This lipid-linked intermediate is then translocated across the membrane so that the oligosaccharides face the lumen of the ER, where the biosynthesis of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol continues to completion. The fully assembled oligosaccharide is transferred to selected asparagine residues of target proteins. The transmembrane movement of lipid-linked Man5GlcNAc2 oligosaccharide is of fundamental importance in this biosynthetic pathway, and similar processes involving phospholipids and glycolipids are essential in all types of cells. The process is predicted to be catalysed by proteins, termed flippases, which to date have remained elusive. Here we provide evidence that yeast RFT1 encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein required for the translocation of Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol from the cytoplasmic to the lumenal leaflet of the ER membrane.     

Safety and immunogenicity in man of a synthetic peptide malaria vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites

A 12 amino-acid synthetic peptide (NANP)3 comprising the immunodominant epitope of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein was conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT), adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide, and administered intramuscularly in three doses at monthly intervals to 35 healthy males as a malaria vaccine. No significant adverse reactions were noted, with mild soreness at the injection site the only common symptom. Seroconversions against NANP occurred in 53% and 71% of recipients of 100 or 160 micrograms, respectively, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Most ELISA-positive sera reacted with sporozoites by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA). Three vaccinees with the highest ELISA and IFA titres and four unimmunized controls were challenged with P. falciparum sporozoites introduced via the bites of infective Anopheles mosquitoes. Blood stage parasites were detected in all controls by 10 days (mean 8.5 days, range 7-10). In contrast, the two vaccinees who became infected did not manifest parasitaemia until day 11 and the third vacinee showed neither parasites nor symptoms during the 29 day observation period. This first synthetic peptide parenteral vaccine against a communicable disease tested in man is safe and stimulates biologically active antibodies. These observations encourage the development of improved vaccine formulations which, by enhancing immunogenicity, may lead to practical vaccines to assist in the control of falciparum malaria.