Photochemical cycling of iron in the surface ocean mediated by microbial iron(III)-binding ligands

Iron is a limiting nutrient for primary production in large areas of the oceans. Dissolved iron(III) in the upper oceans occurs almost entirely in the form of complexes with strong organic ligands presumed to be of biological origin. Although the importance of organic ligands to aquatic iron cycling is becoming clear, the mechanism by which they are involved in this process remains uncertain. Here we report observations of photochemical reactions involving Fe(III) bound to siderophores--high-affinity iron(III) ligands produced by bacteria to facilitate iron acquisition. We show that photolysis of Fe(III)-siderophore complexes leads to the formation of lower-affinity Fe(III) ligands and the reduction of Fe(III), increasing the availability of siderophore-bound iron for uptake by planktonic assemblages. These photochemical reactions are mediated by the alpha-hydroxy acid moiety, a group which has generally been found to be present in the marine siderophores that have been characterized. We suggest that Fe(III)-binding ligands can enhance the photolytic production of reactive iron species in the euphotic zone and so influence iron availability in aquatic systems.     

The physical maps for sequencing human chromosomes 1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20 and X

We constructed maps for eight chromosomes (1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20, X and (previously) 22), representing one-third of the genome, by building landmark maps, isolating bacterial clones and assembling contigs. By this approach, we could establish the long-range organization of the maps early in the project, and all contig extension, gap closure and problem-solving was simplified by containment within local regions. The maps currently represent more than 94% of the euchromatic (gene-containing) regions of these chromosomes in 176 contigs, and contain 96% of the chromosome-specific markers in the human gene map. By measuring the remaining gaps, we can assess chromosome length and coverage in sequenced clones.