Polypeptide translocation machinery of the yeast endoplasmic reticulum

Proteins enter the secretory pathway by two general routes. In one, the complete polypeptide is made in the cytoplasm and held in an incompletely folded state by chaperoning adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) such as hsp70. InSaccharomyces cerevisiae, fully synthesized secretory precursors engage the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by interaction with a set of Sec proteins comprising the polypeptide translocation apparatus (Sec61p, Sec62p, Sec63p, Sec71p, Sec72p). Productive interaction requires displacement of hsp70 from the precursor, a reaction that is facilitated by Ydj1p, a homologue of theEscherichia coli DnaJ protein. Both DnaJ and Ydj1p regulate chaperone activity by stimulating the ATPase activity of their respective hsp70 partners (E. coli DnaK andS. cerevisiae Ssa1p, resepectively). In the ER lumen, another hsp70 chaperone, BiP, binds ATP and interacts with the ER membrane via its contact with a peptide loop of Sec63p. This loop represents yet another DnaJ homologue in that it contains a region of 70 residue similarity to the J box, the most conserved region of the DnaJ family of proteins. In the presence of ATP, under conditions in which BiP can bind to Sec63p, the secretory precursor passes from the cytosol into the lumen through a membrane channel formed by Sec61 p. A second route to the membrane pore that is used by many other secretory precursors, particularly in mammalian cells, requires that the polypeptide engage the ER membrane as the nascent chain emerges from the ribosome. Such cotranslational translocation bypasses the need for certain Sec proteins, instead utilizing an alternate set of cytosolic and membrane factors that allows the nascent chain to be inserted directly into the Sec61p channel.     

2-Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide,a synthetic organogermanium compound,as an inducer of contrasuppressor T cells

2-Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132), a synthesized organogermanium compound with immunomodulaing activities, was shown to be an inducer of anti-suppressor T cells in normal mice. The suppressor cell activity of T6S cells, a clone of burn-induced CD8⁺ IL-4-producing suppressor T cells, was clearly inhibited when a mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell reaction of the clone was conducted with splenic mononuclear cells from mice treated orally with a 100 mg/kg dose of Ge-132. The activity of anti-suppressor cells was demonstrated in spleens of mice 2 days after treatment with Ge-132 and reached its peak on day 3. The anti-suppressor cells induced by the compound were of a contrasuppressor T cell-linage, because they were characterized as CD4⁺ CD28⁺ TCR/⁺ Vicia villosa lectin-adherent T cells. These cells produced IFN- but did not produce IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 or IL-10 in their culture fluids. CD4⁺ anti-suppressor T cells induced by Ge-132 may be different from other subsets of CD4⁺ T cells because Th1 and Th2 cells generated in our laboratory did not adhere toVicia villosa lectin-coated petri dishes, and each produced specific cytokines. Th1 cells produced IFN- and IL-2 while Th2 cells produce IL-4 and IL-10 in vitro. These results suggest that Ge-132 may be useful as an inducer of contrasuppressor T cells in immunocompromised individuals bearing suppressor T cells. To eliminate suppressor T cells from immunocompromised hosts may result in improved resistance from various opportunistic infections.     

Studies of a key protein in the mechanism of the excitation-contraction coupling process of frog skeletal muscle,using phenylglyoxal

The excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling process in single twitch fibres from frog toe muscle was inhibited selectively by phenylglyoxal (PGO), a specific guanidyl modifying reagent. A new protein (31.5 kDa), which has PGO-binding ability and seems to play a key role in the E-C coupling process, was solubilized from transverse tubule membrane-junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum complexes (TTM-JSR) of frog skeletal muscles, using¹⁴C-PGO. The monoclonal antibody against this protein applied extracellularly inhibited the E-C coupling process of the single fibres. This protein appears to constitute the very first step of input for E-C coupling. It is considered to behave as an indispensable part of an electrometer to measure membrane potentials. Therefore, the name electrometrin is suggested for the new protein.     

Pathways of proton transfer in the light-driven pump bacteriorhodopsin

The mechanism of proton transport in the light-driven pump bacteriorhodopsin is beginning to be understood. Light causes the all-trans to 13-cis isomerization of the retinal chromophore. This sets off a sequential and directed series of transient decreases in the pKa's of a) the retinal Schiff base, b) an extracellular proton release complex which includes asp-85, and c) a cytoplasmic proton uptake complex which includes asp-96. The timing of these pKa changes during the photoreaction cycle causes sequential proton transfers which result in the net movement of a proton across the protein, from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular surface.     

Evaluation of monoaminergic receptors in the genetically epilepsy prone rat

Summary The intensity of sound-induced convulsions in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR) was reduced in a dose related fashion by intracerebroventricular administration of dobutamine, (₁ agonist), terbutaline (₂ agonist) or phenylephrine (₁ agonist). BHT-920 (₂ agonist) did not cause a dose-related decrease in sound-induced convulsion intensity. Binding studies showed that whole brain and receptor densities (B_max) were normal while the K_d was increased for the ligand in GEPR brain.Acknowledgment. We are most grateful to Boehringer Ingelheim for generously supplying BHT 920. We are also indebted to Ciba-Geigy Corporation for the gift of terbutaline hydrochloride and phentolamine hydrochloride. The work was supported in part by NIH grant NS 16829.     

Isolation and partial characterization of cuticular collagen from the parasitic nematodeGaigeria pachyscelis

Summary The cuticle from adultGaigeria pachyscelis was isolated by solubilizing the internal tissues with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at 37°C. Cuticular protein was extracted with guanidine-HCl and -mercaptoethanol and purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified protein revealed 2 polypeptides with apparent mol. wts of 58,000 and 74,000. As judged from their hydroxyproline content both of them are collagenous in nature. Results of gel filtration indicate that cuticular collagen exists in two forms, a non-associated form at low concentration and an associated form at high concentration.Acknowledgments. We thank Drs L.N. Singh and H.C. Tewari for providing the necessary facilities. Laboratory assistance of Mr Ram Kishore is highly appreciated.     

Increased susceptibility ofTrypanosoma lewisi infected,or decomplemented rats toSalmonella typhimurium

Summary Rats infected withTrypanosoma lewisi or decomplemented by injection of cobra venom factor or complement activating factor of trypanosomes were found to be more susceptible to infection withSalmonella typhimurium. Decomplemented rats subsequently infected withT. lewisi developed higher blood parasitemia than did normalT. lewisi infected rats.This project is supported by the National Research Council of Canada grant A 0068 and a grant from the International Development Research Center.     

Effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and analogs on the rate of contractions of myocytes in culture

Summary ²O,⁶N-butyryl, 3, 5-cyclic monophosphate (dibu cAMP) when added to fetal rat heart cells in culture inhibits myocyte contraction. This inhibition is 100, 84 and 51% complete when the dibu cAMP concentration used is 2, 0.2 and 0.02 mM, respectively. The potency of dibu cAMP derivatives in myocyte contraction inhibition follows the order, dibu cAMP> ⁶N-bu cAMP> ²O-bu cAMP=AMP>butyrate. The inhibition caused by the first three chemicals is greater than 70%.The author was a Moss Heart Fellow and acknowledges the technical assistance of Ms Martha Peet. This work was supported in part by the American Heart Association, National Science Foundation and American Cancer Society.     

Selective activation of noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord of young spontaneously hypertensive rats

Summary In young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), dopamine -hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activities were examined in the brainstem nuclei. Activation of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, A2 and spinal intermediolateral cell areas, resulting in enhanced sympathetic nervous activity in the periphery, initiates hypertension. Adrenergic neurons, unchanged in these and A1 cell areas of young SHR, are not involved in the development of hypertension in SHR.