High frequency of homoplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations in human tumors can be explained without selection

Researchers in several laboratories have reported a high frequency of homoplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in human tumors. This observation has been interpreted to reflect a replicative advantage for mutated mtDNA copies, a growth advantage for a cell containing certain mtDNA mutations, and/or tumorigenic properties of mtDNA mutations. We consider another possibility-that the observed homoplasmy arose entirely by chance in tumor progenitor cells, without any physiological advantage or tumorigenic requirement. Through extensive computer modeling, we demonstrate that there is sufficient opportunity for a tumor progenitor cell to achieve homoplasmy through unbiased mtDNA replication and sorting during cell division. To test our model in vivo, we analyzed mtDNA homoplasmy in healthy human epithelial tissues and discovered that the model correctly predicts the considerable observed frequency of homoplasmic cells. Based on the available data on mitochondrial mutant fractions and cell division kinetics, we show that the predicted frequency of homoplasmy in tumor progenitor cells in the absence of selection is similar to the reported frequency of homoplasmic mutations in tumors. Although a role for other mechanisms is not excluded, random processes are sufficient to explain the incidence of homoplasmic mtDNA mutations in human tumors.     

Failure to confirm NOTCH4 association with schizophrenia in a large population-based sample from Scotland

The NOTCH4 gene was recently reported to be associated with schizophrenia based on TDT analysis of 80 British trios. The strongest evidence for association derived from two microsatellites. We genotyped both loci in a large sample of unrelated Scottish schizophrenics and controls, but failed to replicate the reported association, finding instead that each putative schizophrenia-associated allele had a somewhat lower frequency in schizophrenics than in controls.     

A 5-bp deletion in ELOVL4 is associated with two related forms of autosomal dominant macular dystrophy

Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3, MIM 600110) and autosomal dominant macular dystrophy (adMD) are inherited forms of macular degeneration characterized by decreased visual acuity, macular atrophy and extensive fundus flecks. Genetic mapping data suggest that mutations in a single gene may be responsible for both conditions, already known to bear clinical resemblance. Here we limit the minimum genetic region for STGD3 and adMD to a 0.6-cM interval by recombination breakpoint mapping and identify a single 5-bp deletion within the protein-coding region of a new retinal photoreceptor-specific gene, ELOVL4, in all affected members of STGD3 and adMD families. Bioinformatic analysis of ELOVL4 revealed that it has homology to a group of yeast proteins that function in the biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids. Our results are therefore the first to implicate the biosynthesis of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of inherited macular degeneration.     

A radiation hybrid map of mouse genes

A comprehensive gene-based map of a genome is a powerful tool for genetic studies and is especially useful for the positional cloning and positional candidate approaches. The availability of gene maps for multiple organisms provides the foundation for detailed conserved-orthology maps showing the correspondence between conserved genomic segments. These maps make it possible to use cross-species information in gene hunts and shed light on the evolutionary forces that shape the genome. Here we report a radiation hybrid map of mouse genes, a combined project of the Whitehead Institute/Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Genome Research, the Medical Research Council UK Mouse Genome Centre, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The map contains 11,109 genes, screened against the T31 RH panel and positioned relative to a reference map containing 2,280 mouse genetic markers. It includes 3,658 genes homologous to the human genome sequence and provides a framework for overlaying the human genome sequence to the mouse and for sequencing the mouse genome.     

An SSLP marker-anchored BAC framework map of the mouse genome

We have constructed a BAC framework map of the mouse genome consisting of 2,808 PCR-confirmed BAC clusters, using a previously described method. Fingerprints of BACs from selected clusters confirm the accuracy of the map. Combined with BAC fingerprint data, the framework map covers 37% of the mouse genome.     

Differential expression of genes for uncoupling proteins 1, 2 and 3 in brown and white adipose tissue depots during rat development

The different expression patterns of genes for uncoupling proteins (UCPs) 1, 2 and 3 (ucp1, ucp2 and ucp3) were studied in interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and in four white adipose tissue (WAT) depots (epididymal, inguinal, mesenteric and retroperitoneal) in male rats of different ages (18 days-12 months). UCP mRNA expression levels were determined by Northern blotting. In BAT, there were high levels of expression of UCP1 and UCP3 mRNA, but no detectable levels of UCP2 mRNA. Both ucp1 and ucp3 followed a similar expression pattern with age, with high levels in suckling rats which decreased to 50% or less in rats just under 2 months old, declining thereafter until 5 months and then recovering with age. However, an additional peak of expression was observed for ucp3 at the age of 3 months. In WAT, ucp1 expression was rare: occasional expression was found for UCP1 mRNA in the retroperitoneal depot in suckling rats and in the epididymal and inguinal depots in suckling and mature adult rats. ucp2 and ucp3 had different developmental expression patterns, but these were similar for each gene in the different depots studied. UCP3 mRNA was highly expressed in rats soon after birth, it decreased until 3 months, and increased thereafter, except for the mesenteric WAT where ucp3 expression decreased until 7 months before recovering. The fact that changes with age of both ucp1 and ucp3 expression have a similar profile in BAT, which is also similar to the ucp3 and also ucp1 profiles in some WAT depots, might reflect a common regulatory pattern for the expression of these genes, and also a common function. In contrast to ucp1 and ucp3, ucp2 had a peak of expression at about 2 months, and lower expression at 3 months, suggesting different regulation and probably a different role for this UCP.