The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during Neptune's migration

The 'dynamically cold Kuiper belt' consists of objects on low-inclination orbits between approximately 40 and approximately 50 au from the Sun. It currently contains material totalling less than a tenth the mass of the Earth, which is surprisingly low because, according to accretion models, the objects would not have grown to their present size unless the cold Kuiper belt originally contained tens of Earth masses of solids. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to produce the observed mass depletion, they all have significant limitations. Here we show that the objects currently observed in the dynamically cold Kuiper belt were most probably formed within approximately 35 au and were subsequently pushed outward by Neptune's 1:2 mean motion resonance during its final phase of migration. Combining our mechanism with previous work, we conclude that the entire Kuiper belt formed closer to the Sun and was transported outward during the final stages of planet formation.     

意大利歌剧院的体形、体量及材料对声场的影响

针对意大利歌剧院进行研究，着重研究建筑设计对厅堂音质的影响．对两个剧院的常规音质参量进行了测量．这两座剧院是由同一建筑师Antonio Galli Bibiena设计的，分别是波仑亚的市立剧院和曼图亚的科学剧院．二者具有相当近似的形式，但尺寸不同，所用的材料也各畀，前者是用砖石建成，后者是用木料建成，因此在整修前采用了许多预应力钢筋混凝土结构．文中提供了不少数据并给出了对这些数据加以比较和分析的结果，特别是关于某些特征尺寸与扫频信号各可闻频率产生的空间听觉感受之间相关性的分析，以及若干有关材料和体型对IACC和EDT等音质参量的影响的思考．     

在脉冲响应频率分析比较中对客观声学参数EDT的新认识

对于客观参量EDT，或者更确切地说，对于稳态声场衰变曲线的初始斜率与包括所有简正模式在内的平均阻尼常数之间关系的研究工作，已有一些研究者做过，如H．库特鲁夫就曾指出此参量与所测试环境的几何细节有密切关系．因此，文中选择它作为分析工具，以一种较为深入的方式，通过对一个歌剧院的研究，来检验这种关系．通过对脉冲响应在频域上进行分析，这在前人的工作中也采用过．文中对EDT从倍频程以及1／3倍频程加以研究，并利用在Matlab环境下开发的一些工具来探讨乐池的简正模式与从频带中心频率导出的最大的时间值之间的相关关系．研完表明，在所考察的环境中简正模式与衰变曲线的初始斜率之间有良好的相关关系，与自相关系数（ACF）也有良好的相关关系；研究还证实，用于分析的参量本身既是时间的函数，也是脉冲响应频率变化的函数。     

Nonsense-mediated decay microarray analysis identifies mutations of EPHB2 in human prostate cancer

The identification of tumor-suppressor genes in solid tumors by classical cancer genetics methods is difficult and slow. We combined nonsense-mediated RNA decay microarrays and array-based comparative genomic hybridization for the genome-wide identification of genes with biallelic inactivation involving nonsense mutations and loss of the wild-type allele. This approach enabled us to identify previously unknown mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase gene EPHB2. The DU 145 prostate cancer cell line, originating from a brain metastasis, carries a truncating mutation of EPHB2 and a deletion of the remaining allele. Additional frameshift, splice site, missense and nonsense mutations are present in clinical prostate cancer samples. Transfection of DU 145 cells, which lack functional EphB2, with wild-type EPHB2 suppresses clonogenic growth. Taken together with studies indicating that EphB2 may have an essential role in cell migration and maintenance of normal tissue architecture, our findings suggest that mutational inactivation of EPHB2 may be important in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer.     

Critical relative indentation depth in carbon based thinfilms

The thin film hardness estimation by nanoindentation is influenced by substrate beyond a critical relative indentation depth(CRID). In this study we developed a methodology to identify the CRID in amorphous carbon film. Three types of amorphous carbon film deposited on silicon have been studied. The nanoindentation tests were carried out applying a 0.1–10 mN load range on a Berkovich diamond tip, leading to penetration depth-to-film thickness ratios of 8–100%. The work regained during unloading(We) and the work performed during loading(Wt) was estimated for each indentation. The trend of unload-to-load ratio(We/Wt) data as a function of depth has been studied. We/Wtdepth profiles showed a sigmoid trend and the data were fitted by means of a Hill sigmoid equation. Using Hill sigmoid fit and a simple analytical method it is possible to estimate CRID of carbon based films.     

The ever-growing complexity of the mitochondrial fission machinery

The mitochondrial network constantly changes and remodels its shape to face the cellular energy demand. In human cells, mitochondrial fusion is regulated by the large, evolutionarily conserved GTPases Mfn1 and Mfn2, which are embedded in the mitochondrial outer membrane, and by OPA1, embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. In contrast, the soluble dynamin-related GTPase Drp1 is recruited from the cytosol to mitochondria and is key to mitochondrial fission. A number of new players have been recently involved in Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission, ranging from large cellular structures such as the ER and the cytoskeleton to the surprising involvement of the endocytic dynamin 2 in the terminal abscission step. Here we review the recent findings that have expanded the mechanistic model for the mitochondrial fission process in human cells and highlight open questions.     

Genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for IgA nephropathy

We carried out a genome-wide association study of IgA nephropathy, a major cause of kidney failure worldwide. We studied 1,194 cases and 902 controls of Chinese Han ancestry, with targeted follow up in Chinese and European cohorts comprising 1,950 cases and 1,920 controls. We identified three independent loci in the major histocompatibility complex, as well as a common deletion of CFHR1 and CFHR3 at chromosome 1q32 and a locus at chromosome 22q12 that each surpassed genome-wide significance (P values for association between 1.59 × 10?2? and 4.84 × 10?? and minor allele odds ratios of 0.63-0.80). These five loci explain 4-7% of the disease variance and up to a tenfold variation in interindividual risk. Many of the alleles that protect against IgA nephropathy impart increased risk for other autoimmune or infectious diseases, and IgA nephropathy risk allele frequencies closely parallel the variation in disease prevalence among Asian, European and African populations, suggesting complex selective pressures.     

Oral-facial-digital type I protein is required for primary cilia formation and left-right axis specification

The oral-facial-digital type I (OFD1) syndrome (OMIM 311200) is a human developmental disorder; affected individuals have craniofacial and digital abnormalities and, in 15% of cases, polycystic kidney. The disease is inherited as an X-linked dominant male-lethal trait. Using a Cre-loxP system, we generated knockout animals lacking Ofd1 and reproduced the main features of the disease, albeit with increased severity, possibly owing to differences of X inactivation patterns between human and mouse. We found failure of left-right axis specification in mutant male embryos, and ultrastructural analysis showed a lack of cilia in the embryonic node. Formation of cilia was defective in cystic kidneys from heterozygous females, implicating ciliogenesis as a mechanism underlying cyst development. In addition, we found impaired patterning of the neural tube and altered expression of the 5' Hoxa and Hoxd genes in the limb buds of mice lacking Ofd1, suggesting that Ofd1 could have a role beyond primary cilium organization and assembly.     

Emergence of classical trajectories in quantum systems: the cloud chamber problem in the analysis of Mott (1929)

We analyze the paper “The wave mechanics of $\alpha $ -ray tracks” Mott (Proc R Soc Lond A 126:79–84, 1929), published in 1929 by N. F. Mott. In particular, we discuss the theoretical context in which the paper appeared and give a detailed account of the approach used by the author and the main result attained. Moreover, we comment on the relevance of the work not only as far as foundations of Quantum Mechanics are concerned but also as the earliest pioneering contribution in decoherence theory.