Commercialization of research: so far

In June 1982, potential corporate investors attended a Harvard conference on biotechnology and the evolving research partnership between universities and industry. Molecular biologist Walter Gilbert spoke about the need to correct public misconceptions about technology transfer between industry and academia, and about the relationship between basic and applied research. Harvard president Derek Bok encouraged "bilateral" research agreements between corporations and universities and proposed conditions under which such agreements would operate. Bok also offered guidelines on individual faculty involvement in biotechnology firms and university investment in such firms, while Gilbert commented on the issue of patent rights in academically-sponsored research.     

2001南中国海实验温度场与声传播起伏及内潮(波)特征反演

对ASIAEX 2001南中国海声场与水体相互作用实验的温度场起伏数据和声传播起伏数据进行了分析,结果表明:(1) 内波引起的质点垂直平均位移的峰峰值超过40?m;(2) 由声脉冲前沿传播时间平均起伏所表征的声传播起伏,其峰峰值超过100?ms.在此基础上,对温度场起伏数据进行谱分析,得到影响海洋起伏的主要内波分量;声传播起伏数据经Burg法谱分析反演得到的内波主要周期,与温度场的结果一致.比较了垂直于大陆架方向和平行于大陆架方向的温度场起伏谱结构,以及两个方向的声传播起伏谱结构;利用脉冲多途结构和脉冲传播时间分别提取声传播起伏信息的参量,由其表征的声传播起伏谱结构也进行了比较.     

A graph-theoretic method for organizing overlapping clusters into trees,multiple trees,or extended trees

A clustering that consists of a nested set of clusters may be represented graphically by a tree. In contrast, a clustering that includes non-nested overlapping clusters (sometimes termed a “nonhierarchical” clustering) cannot be represented by a tree. Graphical representations of such non-nested overlapping clusterings are usually complex and difficult to interpret. Carroll and Pruzansky (1975, 1980) suggested representing non-nested clusterings with multiple ultrametric or additive trees. Corter and Tversky (1986) introduced the extended tree (EXTREE) model, which represents a non-nested structure as a tree plus overlapping clusters that are represented by marked segments in the tree. We show here that the problem of finding a nested (i.e., tree-structured) set of clusters in an overlapping clustering can be reformulated as the problem of finding a clique in a graph. Thus, clique-finding algorithms can be used to identify sets of clusters in the solution that can be represented by trees. This formulation provides a means of automatically constructing a multiple tree or extended tree representation of any non-nested clustering. The method, called “clustrees”, is applied to several non-nested overlapping clusterings derived using the MAPCLUS program (Arabie and Carroll 1980).     

Molecular cloning and characterization of an insulin-regulatable glucose transporter

A major mechanism by which insulin stimulates glucose transport in muscle and fat is the translocation of glucose transporters from an intracellular membrane pool to the cell surface. The existence of a distinct insulin-regulatable glucose transporter was suggested by the poor cross-reactivity between antibodies specific for either the HepG2 or rat brain glucose transporters and the rat adipocyte glucose transporter. More direct evidence was provided by the production of a monoclonal antibody (mAb 1F8) specific for the rat adipocyte glucose transporter that immunolabels a species of relative molecular mass 43,000 (43K) present only in tissues that exhibit insulin-dependent glucose transport, suggesting that this protein may be encoded by a different gene from the previously described mammalian glucose transporters. This antibody has been used to immunoprecipitate a 43K protein that was photoaffinity-labelled with cytochalasin B in a glucose displaceable way, and to immunolabel a protein in the plasma membrane of rat adipocytes, whose concentration was increased at least fivefold after cellular insulin exposure. Here we describe the cloning and sequencing of cDNAs isolated from both rat adipocyte and heart libraries that encode a protein recognized by mAb 1F8, and which has 65% sequence identity to the human HepG2 glucose transporter. This cDNA hybridizes to an mRNA present only in skeletal muscle, heart and adipose tissue. Our data indicate that this cDNA encodes a membrane protein with the characteristics of the translocatable glucose transporter expressed in insulin-responsive tissues.     

Refinement of reduced-models for dynamic systems

A refinement procedure for the reduced models of structural dynamic systems is presented in this article. The refinement procedure is to ＂tune＂ the parameters of a reduced model, which could be obtained from any traditional model reduction scheme, into an improved reduced model. Upon the completion of the refinement, the improved reduced model matches the dynamic characteristics - the chosen structural frequencies and their mode shapes - of the full order model. Mathematically, the procedure to implement the model refinement technique is an application of the recently developed cross-model cross-mode （CMCM） method for model updating. A numerical example of reducing a 5-DOF （degree-of-freedom） classical mass-spring （or shear-building） model into a 3-DOF generalized mass-spring model is demonstrated in this article.     

Reproduction in three sympatric lizard species from west-central Utah

Data on reproduction by the lizards Uta stansburiana, Crotaphytus collaris, and Cnemidophorus tigris are presented from a community where they are sympatric in west-central Utah. Data are compared to a previous study of these species at the same site and to data from other sites in the United States.     

Gas chromatographic method for the determination of hexaconazole residues in black tea

A highly reliable, quantitative and sensitive analytical method for determining the residues of the fungicide, hexaconazole in black tea is described. The proposed method is based on liquid-liquid extraction followed by gas chromatographic determination, using nitrogen phosphorus detector （GC-NPD） for the identification and quantitation of hexaconazole. The most appropriate solvent mixture for extracting hexaconazole residues from black tea was n-hexane：acetone at 1 ：1 （v/v）. The extract was cleaned up by adsorption column chromatography using activated florisil. Performance of the method was assessed by evaluating quality parameters such as recovery value, repeatability, reproducibility, linearity and limits of detection and quantitation. When the method was assessed for repeatability, the percentage of recovery ranged between 86% and 96% while the relative standard deviation was between 0.30% and 2.35%. In studies on reproducibility the recovery ranged from 81% to 85% and relative standard deviation from 1.68% to 5.13%, implying that the method was reliable. A field trial was conducted to verify the application of this method with real samples. Results prove that the validated method was suitable for extracting hexaconazole residues.     

地球物理流体力学基础

本书作者是美国加州大学洛杉矶分校地球科学教授，美国Boulder国家大气研究中心研究员，从事本学科教学和研究达30年之久。     

What is a Definition?

According to the standard view of definition, all defined terms are mere stipulations, based on a small set of primitive terms. After a brief review of the Hilbert-Frege debate, this paper goes on to challenge the standard view in a number of ways. Examples from graph theory, for example, suggest that some key definitions stem from the way graphs are presented diagramatically and do not fit the standard view. Lakatos's account is also discussed, since he provides further examples that suggest many definitions are much more than mere convenient abbreviations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.