高速宽间隔混沌序列跳频器的设计与实现

本文讨论了一种新型跳频器的设计方案,还通过DSP的实现证明了它在实践上的可行性和在性能上的优越性.该方案完成了跳频通信系统中极为重要的两个功能:伪随机码的产生和跳变频率的合成,并将它们有机地结合在一起.     

全息曝光条纹锁定研究与装置设计

全息曝光环节干涉条纹的稳定性对于潜像质量的高低有着直接的影响,进而影响掩模形貌和离子刻蚀后光栅的槽型.为了保证干涉条纹的稳定性,依据反馈控制的理论,构造闭环反馈控制回路,采用光电探测器进行误差信号(光信号)的提取,经过光-电转换,得到电信号,由于信号极其微弱,再先后通过前置放大,差动放大,积分电路,对所得误差信号进行处理,形成补偿信号,最后利用压电陶瓷进行电压-位移转换,利用转换出的位移信号对光路实施补偿.实验结果表明:该条纹锁定系统能够实时对光路稳定性进行良好的补偿控制,消除外界干扰带来的影响.     

工业计算机断层扫描技术在文物保护中的应用

环境问题与人为因素对文物的保护构成了威胁,本文简要讨论了文物保护的相关技术,并对工业计算机断层扫描技术及其在文物中的应用进行了分析,通过一个实例实现了文物的断层扫描与图像重建的应用过程,以达到文物保护与研究的目的.     

Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability

Systematic climate shifts have been linked to multidecadal variability in observed sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean. These links are extensive, influencing a range of climate processes such as hurricane activity and African Sahel and Amazonian droughts. The variability is distinct from historical global-mean temperature changes and is commonly attributed to natural ocean oscillations. A number of studies have provided evidence that aerosols can influence long-term changes in sea surface temperatures, but climate models have so far failed to reproduce these interactions and the role of aerosols in decadal variability remains unclear. Here we use a state-of-the-art Earth system climate model to show that aerosol emissions and periods of volcanic activity explain 76 per cent of the simulated multidecadal variance in detrended 1860-2005 North Atlantic sea surface temperatures. After 1950, simulated variability is within observational estimates; our estimates for 1910-1940 capture twice the warming of previous generation models but do not explain the entire observed trend. Other processes, such as ocean circulation, may also have contributed to variability in the early twentieth century. Mechanistically, we find that inclusion of aerosol-cloud microphysical effects, which were included in few previous multimodel ensembles, dominates the magnitude (80 per cent) and the spatial pattern of the total surface aerosol forcing in the North Atlantic. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic aerosol emissions influenced a range of societally important historical climate events such as peaks in hurricane activity and Sahel drought. Decadal-scale model predictions of regional Atlantic climate will probably be improved by incorporating aerosol-cloud microphysical interactions and estimates of future concentrations of aerosols, emissions of which are directly addressable by policy actions.     

三孔小净距隧道群极限状态下围岩破坏特征研究

平行三孔大断面小净距隧道开挖时,围岩应力场经过多次扰动叠加发生重分布,不再是单个隧道的简单叠加.利用强度储备法求得极限状态下的隧道围岩各点的安全系数,绘出开挖断面附近围岩的点安全系数分布图,并对不同净距与埋深对围岩极限状态的破坏特点进行研究.结果表明:随着净距的增大,洞周达到强度极限的围岩范围增大,围岩自身稳定性不断提高;埋深较小时,边洞的拱顶变形小于中洞,而当埋深大于25 m时,三洞的沉降大致相等.     

点带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的形态观察

根据点带石斑鱼胚后发育过程中卵黄囊的消失、鳍的形成、鳞片的出现等形态特征变化 ,参照国内外对硬骨鱼类胚后发育时期划分的一般方法 ,将点带石斑鱼的胚后发育划分为仔鱼期 (含卵黄囊期仔鱼和后期仔鱼 )、稚鱼期、幼鱼期 ,并对各个发育时期的形态特征进行了较为详细的描述 ,记录了各个发育时期的体长、体重的增长情况     

Polyreactivity increases the apparent affinity of anti-HIV antibodies by heteroligation

During immune responses, antibodies are selected for their ability to bind to foreign antigens with high affinity, in part by their ability to undergo homotypic bivalent binding. However, this type of binding is not always possible. For example, the small number of gp140 glycoprotein spikes displayed on the surface of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disfavours homotypic bivalent antibody binding. Here we show that during the human antibody response to HIV, somatic mutations that increase antibody affinity also increase breadth and neutralizing potency. Surprisingly, the responding naive and memory B cells produce polyreactive antibodies, which are capable of bivalent heteroligation between one high-affinity anti-HIV-gp140 combining site and a second low-affinity site on another molecular structure on HIV. Although cross-reactivity to self-antigens or polyreactivity is strongly selected against during B-cell development, it is a common serologic feature of certain infections in humans, including HIV, Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis C virus. Seventy-five per cent of the 134 monoclonal anti-HIV-gp140 antibodies cloned from six patients with high titres of neutralizing antibodies are polyreactive. Despite the low affinity of the polyreactive combining site, heteroligation demonstrably increases the apparent affinity of polyreactive antibodies to HIV.     

影响林木种子贮藏的因素

为了每年提供造林新需的具有生活力的种子及长期保存种质资源,贮藏种子是必要的手段。种子寿命具有遗传性,且因树种而异。种子的贮藏特性可以分成5类:正常型、亚正常型、温带顽拗型、热带顽拗型和中间型。种子含水量和贮藏温度是影响种子贮藏是否成功的两个最重要因素。但因树种及其贮藏特性不同,种子含水量和贮藏温度的最适值也不同。为了保持正常型和亚正常型种子的生活力,这类种子必须密封贮藏;但对顽拗型种子,因其需要保持种子的代谢活性及要进行有氧呼吸,则需要气体交换。     

Historical review and redescription of three poorly known species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus from south-eastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

ABSTRACT

This study is primarily directed to the most poorly known species of the genus Trichomycterus, comprising five nominal species (T. florensis, T. immaculatus, T. nigricans, T. paquequerensis and T. santaeritae) endemic to south-eastern Brazil. One of them, T. nigricans, is the type species of the genus, involved in taxonomic problems for over 150 years. A detailed historical review, accompanied by examination of type specimens and recent collections, revealed that the correct type locality of T. nigricans is in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, not Santa Catarina as commonly appears in the literature; specimens previously misidentified as T. nigricans from Santa Catarina belong to a possibly undescribed species of the genus Cambeva; T. paquequerensis is a synonym of T. immaculatus, and T. florensis is a synonym of T. santaeritae; and the hypothesis that T. santaeritae is closely related to the Amazon Sarcoglanidinae is refuted. The three valid species are redescribed. These species are members of a clade also including T. caipora that is highly supported by molecular data, diagnosed by a pronounced posterior maxillary process and caudal fin emarginate at least in larger specimens. A subclade comprising T. caipora, T. nigricans and T. santaeritae is diagnosed by a long maxilla and a bifid anterior extremity of hypobranchial 3.