全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2008篇 |
免费 | 11篇 |
国内免费 | 17篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 9篇 |
丛书文集 | 16篇 |
教育与普及 | 2篇 |
理论与方法论 | 7篇 |
现状及发展 | 910篇 |
研究方法 | 64篇 |
综合类 | 1024篇 |
自然研究 | 4篇 |
出版年
2012年 | 31篇 |
2011年 | 29篇 |
2010年 | 12篇 |
2009年 | 10篇 |
2008年 | 36篇 |
2007年 | 40篇 |
2006年 | 42篇 |
2005年 | 70篇 |
2004年 | 82篇 |
2003年 | 38篇 |
2002年 | 27篇 |
2001年 | 59篇 |
2000年 | 55篇 |
1999年 | 57篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 259篇 |
1992年 | 37篇 |
1991年 | 21篇 |
1990年 | 35篇 |
1989年 | 33篇 |
1988年 | 37篇 |
1987年 | 31篇 |
1986年 | 29篇 |
1985年 | 44篇 |
1984年 | 29篇 |
1983年 | 19篇 |
1982年 | 22篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1980年 | 30篇 |
1979年 | 64篇 |
1978年 | 29篇 |
1977年 | 39篇 |
1976年 | 29篇 |
1975年 | 30篇 |
1974年 | 39篇 |
1973年 | 49篇 |
1972年 | 44篇 |
1971年 | 42篇 |
1970年 | 44篇 |
1969年 | 40篇 |
1968年 | 43篇 |
1967年 | 47篇 |
1966年 | 31篇 |
1965年 | 21篇 |
1964年 | 18篇 |
1959年 | 14篇 |
1958年 | 16篇 |
1957年 | 18篇 |
1956年 | 12篇 |
1955年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有2036条查询结果,搜索用时 9 毫秒
341.
342.
343.
344.
Cancer cell metabolism is characterized by limited oxidative phosphorylation in order to minimize oxidative stress. We have
previously shown that the flavonoid flavone in HT-29 colon cancer cells increases the uptake of pyruvate or lactate into mitochondria,
which is followed by an increase in O2−.. production that finally leads to apoptosis. Similarly, a supply of palmitoylcarnitine in combination with carnitine induces
apoptosis in HT-29 cells by increasing the mitochondrial respiration rate. Here we show that flavone-induced apoptosis is
increased more than twofold in the presence of palmitoylcarnitine due to increased mitochondrial fatty acid transport and
the subsequent metabolic generation of O2−. in mitochondria is the initiating factor for the execution of apoptosis.
Received 12 August 2005; received after revision 12 October 2005; accepted 14 October 2005 相似文献
345.
Falcke H Apel WD Badea AF Bähren L Bekk K Bercuci A Bertaina M Biermann PL Blümer J Bozdog H Brancus IM Buitink S Brüggemann M Buchholz P Butcher H Chiavassa A Daumiller K de Bruyn AG de Vos CM Di Pierro F Doll P Engel R Gemmeke H Ghia PL Glasstetter R Grupen C Haungs A Heck D Hörandel JR Horneffer A Huege T Kampert KH Kant GW Klein U Kolotaev Y Koopman Y Krömer O Kuijpers J Lafebre S Maier G Mathes HJ Mayer HJ Milke J Mitrica B Morello C Navarra G Nehls S Nigl A Obenland R Oehlschläger J 《Nature》2005,435(7040):313-316
The nature of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies >10(20) eV remains a mystery. They are likely to be of extragalactic origin, but should be absorbed within approximately 50 Mpc through interactions with the cosmic microwave background. As there are no sufficiently powerful accelerators within this distance from the Galaxy, explanations for UHECRs range from unusual astrophysical sources to exotic string physics. Also unclear is whether UHECRs consist of protons, heavy nuclei, neutrinos or gamma-rays. To resolve these questions, larger detectors with higher duty cycles and which combine multiple detection techniques are needed. Radio emission from UHECRs, on the other hand, is unaffected by attenuation, has a high duty cycle, gives calorimetric measurements and provides high directional accuracy. Here we report the detection of radio flashes from cosmic-ray air showers using low-cost digital radio receivers. We show that the radiation can be understood in terms of the geosynchrotron effect. Our results show that it should be possible to determine the nature and composition of UHECRs with combined radio and particle detectors, and to detect the ultrahigh-energy neutrinos expected from flavour mixing. 相似文献
346.
How DNA repair proteins distinguish between the rare sites of damage and the vast expanse of normal DNA is poorly understood. Recognizing the mutagenic lesion 8-oxoguanine (oxoG) represents an especially formidable challenge, because this oxidized nucleobase differs by only two atoms from its normal counterpart, guanine (G). Here we report the use of a covalent trapping strategy to capture a human oxoG repair protein, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase I (hOGG1), in the act of interrogating normal DNA. The X-ray structure of the trapped complex features a target G nucleobase extruded from the DNA helix but denied insertion into the lesion recognition pocket of the enzyme. Free energy difference calculations show that both attractive and repulsive interactions have an important role in the preferential binding of oxoG compared with G to the active site. The structure reveals a remarkably effective gate-keeping strategy for lesion discrimination and suggests a mechanism for oxoG insertion into the hOGG1 active site. 相似文献
347.
The most controversial area in protein folding concerns its earliest stages. Questions such as whether there are genuine folding intermediates, and whether the events at the earliest stages are just rearrangements of the denatured state or progress from populated transition states, remain unresolved. The problem is that there is a lack of experimental high-resolution structural information about early folding intermediates and denatured states under conditions that favour folding because competent states spontaneously fold rapidly. Here we have solved directly the solution structure of a true denatured state by nuclear magnetic resonance under conditions that would normally favour folding, and directly studied its equilibrium and kinetic behaviour. We engineered a mutant of Drosophila melanogaster Engrailed homeodomain that folds and unfolds reversibly just by changing ionic strength. At high ionic strength, the mutant L16A is an ultra-fast folding native protein, just like the wild-type protein; however, at physiological ionic strength it is denatured. The denatured state is a well-ordered folding intermediate, poised to fold by docking helices and breaking some non-native interactions. It unfolds relatively progressively with increasingly denaturing conditions, and so superficially resembles a denatured state with properties that vary with conditions. Such ill-defined unfolding is a common feature of early folding intermediate states and accounts for why there are so many controversies about intermediates versus compact denatured states in protein folding. 相似文献
348.
Vertebrate eggs awaiting fertilization are arrested at metaphase of meiosis II by a biochemical activity termed cytostatic factor (CSF). This activity inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase that triggers anaphase onset and mitotic/meiotic exit by targeting securin and M-phase cyclins for destruction. On fertilization a transient rise in free intracellular calcium causes release from CSF arrest and thus APC/C activation. Although it has previously been shown that calcium induces the release of APC/C from CSF inhibition through calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), the relevant substrates of this kinase have not been identified. Recently, we characterized XErp1 (Emi2), an inhibitor of the APC/C and key component of CSF activity in Xenopus egg extract. Here we show that calcium-activated CaMKII triggers exit from meiosis II by sensitizing the APC/C inhibitor XErp1 for polo-like kinase 1 (Plx1)-dependent degradation. Phosphorylation of XErp1 by CaMKII leads to the recruitment of Plx1 that in turn triggers the destruction of XErp1 by phosphorylating a site known to serve as a phosphorylation-dependent degradation signal. These results provide a molecular explanation for how the fertilization-induced calcium increase triggers exit from meiosis II. 相似文献
349.
H. Poiger H. -R. Buser H. Weber U. Zweifel Ch. Schlatter 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1982,38(4):484-486
Summary Thin layer and gas chromatographic examination of the bile of dogs which were given tritium-labelled TCDD revealed the presence of several polar biotransformation products. The structure of 5 phenolic metabolites was elecidated by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A metabolic breakdown scheme for TCDD in the dog is proposed. 相似文献
350.
W. Bösenberg W. Dittrich H. Heinrich R. Hüllemann U. Lange 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1956,12(1):21-21
Summary The frequency of radio-induced fragments of chromosomes increases in ascites-cells of the Ehrlich-carcinoma at higher oxygen partial pressure, to which test animals are exposed during irradiation. 相似文献