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Fulchignoni M Ferri F Angrilli F Ball AJ Bar-Nun A Barucci MA Bettanini C Bianchini G Borucki W Colombatti G Coradini M Coustenis A Debei S Falkner P Fanti G Flamini E Gaborit V Grard R Hamelin M Harri AM Hathi B Jernej I Leese MR Lehto A Lion Stoppato PF López-Moreno JJ Mäkinen T McDonnell JA McKay CP Molina-Cuberos G Neubauer FM Pirronello V Rodrigo R Saggin B Schwingenschuh K Seiff A Simões F Svedhem H Tokano T Towner MC Trautner R Withers P Zarnecki JC 《Nature》2005,438(7069):785-791
On the basis of previous ground-based and fly-by information, we knew that Titan's atmosphere was mainly nitrogen, with some methane, but its temperature and pressure profiles were poorly constrained because of uncertainties in the detailed composition. The extent of atmospheric electricity ('lightning') was also hitherto unknown. Here we report the temperature and density profiles, as determined by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI), from an altitude of 1,400 km down to the surface. In the upper part of the atmosphere, the temperature and density were both higher than expected. There is a lower ionospheric layer between 140 km and 40 km, with electrical conductivity peaking near 60 km. We may also have seen the signature of lightning. At the surface, the temperature was 93.65 +/- 0.25 K, and the pressure was 1,467 +/- 1 hPa. 相似文献
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Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)-toward standards for microarray data. 总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36
A Brazma P Hingamp J Quackenbush G Sherlock P Spellman C Stoeckert J Aach W Ansorge C A Ball H C Causton T Gaasterland P Glenisson F C Holstege I F Kim V Markowitz J C Matese H Parkinson A Robinson U Sarkans S Schulze-Kremer J Stewart R Taylor J Vilo M Vingron 《Nature genetics》2001,29(4):365-371
Microarray analysis has become a widely used tool for the generation of gene expression data on a genomic scale. Although many significant results have been derived from microarray studies, one limitation has been the lack of standards for presenting and exchanging such data. Here we present a proposal, the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME), that describes the minimum information required to ensure that microarray data can be easily interpreted and that results derived from its analysis can be independently verified. The ultimate goal of this work is to establish a standard for recording and reporting microarray-based gene expression data, which will in turn facilitate the establishment of databases and public repositories and enable the development of data analysis tools. With respect to MIAME, we concentrate on defining the content and structure of the necessary information rather than the technical format for capturing it. 相似文献
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Robert Ball 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2009,22(3):139-148
The paper explores the challenges posed by climate change and proposes an approach to mobilizing a social response that encourages
creative, constructive interventions to shape the market. 相似文献
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