鸡冠花色素的提取与分离方法的初步研究

本以鸡冠花[Celosia cristata L.]花序为实验材料，以水作提取溶剂，采用正交法设计实验组合，按正交表L16（4^5）对提取温度、提取时间和物料配比等三个因子，每个因子四个水平进行实验，用硅胶柱层析法和薄层层析法对色素提取液进行分离纯化。结果发现：鸡冠花色素的提取温度以25℃,提取时间以2h，物料配比以1：15为提取该色素的最佳条件；鸡冠花色素提取液可分离出鸡冠花红色素、鸡冠花黄色素、果胶等三种物质。     

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)-the macroscopic ground-state accumulation of particles with integer spin (bosons) at low temperature and high density-has been observed in several physical systems, including cold atomic gases and solid-state quasiparticles. However, the most omnipresent Bose gas, blackbody radiation (radiation in thermal equilibrium with the cavity walls) does not show this phase transition. In such systems photons have a vanishing chemical potential, meaning that their number is not conserved when the temperature of the photon gas is varied; at low temperatures, photons disappear in the cavity walls instead of occupying the cavity ground state. Theoretical works have considered thermalization processes that conserve photon number (a prerequisite for BEC), involving Compton scattering with a gas of thermal electrons or photon-photon scattering in a nonlinear resonator configuration. Number-conserving thermalization was experimentally observed for a two-dimensional photon gas in a dye-filled optical microcavity, which acts as a 'white-wall' box. Here we report the observation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of photons in this system. The cavity mirrors provide both a confining potential and a non-vanishing effective photon mass, making the system formally equivalent to a two-dimensional gas of trapped, massive bosons. The photons thermalize to the temperature of the dye solution (room temperature) by multiple scattering with the dye molecules. Upon increasing the photon density, we observe the following BEC signatures: the photon energies have a Bose-Einstein distribution with a massively populated ground-state mode on top of a broad thermal wing; the phase transition occurs at the expected photon density and exhibits the predicted dependence on cavity geometry; and the ground-state mode emerges even for a spatially displaced pump spot. The prospects of the observed effects include studies of extremely weakly interacting low-dimensional Bose gases and new coherent ultraviolet sources.     

结核分枝杆菌H37Rv组氨醇脱氢酶基因的克隆、表达及酶学性质分析

以结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组为模板,扩增hisD基因,构建pET-28a-HDH重组质粒;转化重组质粒到E.coli BL21(DE3)并诱导表达,纯化可溶性的结核分枝杆菌L-组氨醇脱氢酶(HDH),并对其性质进行研究,结果表明:重组结核分枝杆菌L-组氨醇脱氢酶能以L-组氨醇和NAD 为底物催化L-组氨醇生成L-组氨酸;该酶的最适pH值为8.3,最适温度为45℃,比活力为1.788 U/mg;Mn2 ,Ca2 ,Zn2 ,Co2 等对酶促反应有激活作用;底物NAD 和L-组氨醇的米氏常数分别为0.9765 mmol/L和2.755μmol/L;25℃时重组蛋白的二级结构中有20.5%的α-螺旋,40.9%β-折叠,4.2%β-转角,34.3%无规卷曲.     

无光条件下天然叶绿素的催化加氢反应

此前已有实验表明,在常温常压下,超细镍颗粒催化剂能使若干种含双键有机物发生加氢反应,将羰基的双建打开变为羟基[1],而使非对称碳碳双键变为单键[2].现将由化学法制得,以金属镍为主体(含镍量≥65%ｗｔ)的团簇催化剂(平均粒径ｄ=3ｎｍ～5ｎｍ,比表面积76ｍ2/ｇ～84ｍ2/ｇ)1ｍＬ置于滴定管中,管内装有从菠菜中萃取出的叶绿素乙醇溶液(翠绿色、透明)50ｍＬ(浓度为0.5%ｗｔ).钢瓶氢气(99.99%)经预处理后,以15ｍＬ/ｍｉｎ流速从滴定管底部通入.在常温(10℃±2℃)常压的暗室中,此气、液、固体系在滴定管内呈沸腾床状运动.尾气从滴定管顶部导入气…     

Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis

Ustilago maydis is a ubiquitous pathogen of maize and a well-established model organism for the study of plant-microbe interactions. This basidiomycete fungus does not use aggressive virulence strategies to kill its host. U. maydis belongs to the group of biotrophic parasites (the smuts) that depend on living tissue for proliferation and development. Here we report the genome sequence for a member of this economically important group of biotrophic fungi. The 20.5-million-base U. maydis genome assembly contains 6,902 predicted protein-encoding genes and lacks pathogenicity signatures found in the genomes of aggressive pathogenic fungi, for example a battery of cell-wall-degrading enzymes. However, we detected unexpected genomic features responsible for the pathogenicity of this organism. Specifically, we found 12 clusters of genes encoding small secreted proteins with unknown function. A significant fraction of these genes exists in small gene families. Expression analysis showed that most of the genes contained in these clusters are regulated together and induced in infected tissue. Deletion of individual clusters altered the virulence of U. maydis in five cases, ranging from a complete lack of symptoms to hypervirulence. Despite years of research into the mechanism of pathogenicity in U. maydis, no 'true' virulence factors had been previously identified. Thus, the discovery of the secreted protein gene clusters and the functional demonstration of their decisive role in the infection process illuminate previously unknown mechanisms of pathogenicity operating in biotrophic fungi. Genomic analysis is, similarly, likely to open up new avenues for the discovery of virulence determinants in other pathogens.     

Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA

Neanderthals are the extinct hominid group most closely related to contemporary humans, so their genome offers a unique opportunity to identify genetic changes specific to anatomically fully modern humans. We have identified a 38,000-year-old Neanderthal fossil that is exceptionally free of contamination from modern human DNA. Direct high-throughput sequencing of a DNA extract from this fossil has thus far yielded over one million base pairs of hominoid nuclear DNA sequences. Comparison with the human and chimpanzee genomes reveals that modern human and Neanderthal DNA sequences diverged on average about 500,000 years ago. Existing technology and fossil resources are now sufficient to initiate a Neanderthal genome-sequencing effort.     

The twentieth century was the wettest period in northern Pakistan over the past millennium

Twentieth-century warming could lead to increases in the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere, altering the hydrological cycle and the characteristics of precipitation. Such changes in the global rate and distribution of precipitation may have a greater direct effect on human well-being and ecosystem dynamics than changes in temperature itself. Despite the co-variability of both of these climate variables, attention in long-term climate reconstruction has mainly concentrated on temperature changes. Here we present an annually resolved oxygen isotope record from tree-rings, providing a millennial-scale reconstruction of precipitation variability in the high mountains of northern Pakistan. The climatic signal originates mainly from winter precipitation, and is robust over ecologically different sites. Centennial-scale variations reveal dry conditions at the beginning of the past millennium and through the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with precipitation increasing during the late nineteenth and the twentieth centuries to yield the wettest conditions of the past 1,000 years. Comparison with other long-term precipitation reconstructions indicates a large-scale intensification of the hydrological cycle coincident with the onset of industrialization and global warming, and the unprecedented amplitude argues for a human role.     

Genetic dissection of a behavioral quantitative trait locus shows that Rgs2 modulates anxiety in mice

Here we present a strategy to determine the genetic basis of variance in complex phenotypes that arise from natural, as opposed to induced, genetic variation in mice. We show that a commercially available strain of outbred mice, MF1, can be treated as an ultrafine mosaic of standard inbred strains and accordingly used to dissect a known quantitative trait locus influencing anxiety. We also show that this locus can be subdivided into three regions, one of which contains Rgs2, which encodes a regulator of G protein signaling. We then use quantitative complementation to show that Rgs2 is a quantitative trait gene. This combined genetic and functional approach should be applicable to the analysis of any quantitative trait.