土木工程专业外语教学策略研究

目前一些高等院校土木工程专业外语教学存在的诸如受重视程度低、教材陈旧、师资弱、考试不规范等问题,制约了其教学质量,本文就此提出了一些改进的策略。     

高动态跳频载波跟踪技术

在无人机或导弹等高速运动目标间建立稳定、可靠的通信链路,需要突破高动态下的载波跟踪技术,考虑跳频通信系统的突发传输模式,本文提出基于开环最大似然估计(maximum likelihood estimation,MLE)和扩展卡尔曼滤波跟踪算法的高动态载波信号跟踪技术.通过理论和仿真分析证实了该算法可有效克服传统环路的缺...     

基础隔震结构动力可靠度分析及参数优化

假定地震为平稳过滤高斯白噪声过程,基于隔震支座的等效动刚度和等效黏滞阻尼比建立了基础隔震结构的动力方程.针对动力方程中非经典阻尼的情况,采用状态空间理论和复模态叠加法对振动方程进行了解耦,推导了基础隔震体系上部结构和隔震层在随机地震动激励下的方差反应解析式.采用变形准则分别定义了上部结构和隔震层的极限状态,根据首次超越机制,并基于串联可靠度模型建立了隔震结构在给定地震动下的条件动力可靠度计算方法.通过一个基础隔震框架计算实例,说明了该方法的运用.在此基础上,分析了隔震支座等效动刚度和等效黏滞阻尼比对隔震结构随机反应和可靠度的影响,并以失效概率为优化目标,对隔震参数进行优化.该方法可以从整体上对隔震结构可靠性进行评估,为基于可靠度的隔震参数优化提供基础.     

Progress and records in the study of endogenetic mineralization during collisional orogenesis

To develop and perfect the theory of plate tectonics and regional metallogeny, metallogenesis during collisional orogenesis should be thoroughly studied and will attract increasing attention of more and more scientists. This paper presents the main aspects of research and discussions on metallogenesis during collisional orogenesis after the development of plate tectonics, and accordingly divides the study history into two stages, i.e. the junior stage during 1971–1990 and the senior stage after 1990. Beginning with the negation of mineralization in the collision regime by Guild (1971), the focus of study was put on whether there occurred any mineralization during collisional orogenesis at the junior stage. At the senior stage, which is initiated by the advance of metallogenic and petrogenic model for collisional orogenesis, scientists begin to pay their attention to the geodynamic mechanism of metallogenesis, spatial and temporal distribution of ore deposits, ore-forming fluidization, relationship between petrogenesis and mineralization in collisional orogenesis, etc. Abundance of typical collisional orogens such as Himalayan, China has best natural conditions to study collisional metallogenesis. Great progress in the study of metallogenesis during collisional orogenesis has been made by Chinese geologists. Therefore, we hope that the’ Chinese geologists and Chinese governments at various levels to pay more attention to the study of collisional metallogenesis. Some urgent problems are suggested to be solved so as to bring about breakthroughs in the aspects concerned.     

考虑砾石颗粒形状及含量影响的砂-砾石混合物离散元模拟直剪试验

砂-砾石混合物是一种典型具有复杂结构的二元混合材料,砾石的性质对混合填料的力学性能具有显著的影响。通过开展一系列砂-砾石混合物的离散元数值模拟研究,探讨了砾石颗粒形状以及砾石的含量对砂-砾石混合物宏细观力学特性的影响,以及砾石颗粒形状和砾石含量对砂-砾石混合物力学特性产生影响的微观机理。宏观模拟结果表明,砾石含量与砾石颗粒形状都对砂-砾石混合物的宏观力学性质有显著影响,具体而言当砾石含量低于40%时,砾石含量对混合材料强度影响较小,而当砾石含量大于等于40%时,混合材料强度的强度随砾石含量的增加而显著提高。同时,研究发现当砾石含量较高时,砾石颗粒长宽比对混合材料的强度影响更加显著。混合物的体变则随着砾石含量以及砾石颗粒长宽比的增加而增加。细观分析从力链结构、配位数、各向异性以及颗粒转动的角度分析了砾石颗粒形状与砾石含量的微观影响机理。研究表明,当砾石含量较低时,混合体内的力链主要以砂颗粒组成,而当砾石含量超过40%以后,剪切过程中力主要在砾石颗粒之间传递,并且高砾石含量试样中砾石颗粒长宽比较大时,砾石颗粒间的咬合力更大,使得颗粒的错动、翻转更加困难,从而使得混合物试样强度和体应变显著提...     

水平圆管内油气水三相流摩擦阻力特性的实验研究

给出了水平放置的圆管内气水、油气两相流及油气水三相流动摩擦阻力夺降特性的实验结果。应用理论研究中推导出的各种流型下的摩擦坟降关联式进行了计算,并与实验数据进行了比较,提示了摩擦阻力压降随折算气速、折算液速、油水混合液中的含水率以及管子直径的变化规律。     

贺兰山蓝丝膜菌菌丝体生长特性的研究

对贺兰山蓝丝膜菌（Ｃｏｒｔｉｎａｒｉｕｓｃａｅｒｕｌｅｓｃｅｎｓ（Ｓｃｈａｅｆ．）Ｆｒ．）菌丝体在纯培养条件下的生长特性进行了研究．结果表明,菌丝体最适生长温度为２０～２５℃,最适生长ｐＨ值为６,长势最好的培养基为ＰＤＡ综合培养基,蛋白胨、葡萄糖为最佳氮碳源     

不同冷却条件SiCp／ZA—27复合材料界面的TEM观察

主要用透射电子显微技术（TEM）、电子探针显微分析（EPMA）和选区电子衍射技术（SAD）分析了不同冷却条件下SiCp/ZA-27复合材料的界面特征和结构,发现冷却速度明显影响复合材料的界面结构、界面相组成和复杂金属氧化物的分布以及枝晶生长过程的溶质二次分配,且复合材料慢冷时的界面比液淬时的界面复杂得多。复合材料浆液液淬快冷时的界面特征是初生α（Al)相与 SiC颗粒直接机械结合,界面光滑无界面反应产物和中间过渡相及非晶氧化物;电磁搅拌随炉冷却条件下,复合材料界面绝大部分是共晶组织与SiC颗粒直接结合,少部分是由共晶组织／岛状非晶组织／SiC组成;随炉慢冷时的界面主要是由共晶组织／非晶组织／SiC组成,金属基体与SiC直接结合的界面非常少。不同冷却条件制备的复合材料的界面存在不同厚度的非晶组织。根据界面形貌和选区电子衍射花样并结合计算机模拟计算,发现部分界面处存在第三相（如MgAl2O3,Mg6Cu3Al7等相）,合成电子衍射花样表明这些第三相与SiC或基体间无晶体学位相关系。未发现SiC与基体间有晶体学位相关系,说明α（Al)或共晶相在SiC或基体间无晶体学位相关系。未发现SiC与基体间有晶体学位相关系,说明a(Al)或共晶相在SiC表面成核的可能性较小。复合材料浆液水淬后的基体轻微衍射分析得出饱和a(Al)已发生分解反应,由白色稳定的af相和黑色中间过渡相α′及存在于黑色区域中的η相组成,af与a′的晶格常数有微小差异,晶体结构相同,两相具有良好的共格关系。η相与af的位相关系为：[-1-10]α//[-12-10]η,(1-11)a//(0002)η。     

Influence of chemical liquids on the fatigue crack growth of the AZ31 magnesium alloy

The fatigue crack growth behavior of an AZ31 magnesium alloy was investigated by comparing the effect of zirconate and phosphate chemical liquids. The morphology, components, and phase compositions of the chemical depositions at the fatigue crack tip were analyzed by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. For samples with and without the chemical liquids, their stress-intensity factor values at the fatigue crack tip were compared by using a stress-strain gauge. The results demonstrated that a zirconate film (Zr_xO_y·Zn_xO_y) and a phosphate film (Zn₃(PO₄)₂·4H₂O and MgZnP₂O₇) could be formed on the fatigue crack-surface at the fatigue crack tip. The stress distribution was changed because of the chemical depositions and the causticity of the chemical liquids. This could decrease the stress-intensity factor value and thus effectively cause fatigue crack closure, which reduces the fatigue crack growth rate. Moreover, it was found that the fatigue crack closure effect of zirconates was more positive than that of phosphates.     

Trends of the precipitation acidity over China during 1992–2006

The trends of the precipitation acidity from 1992 to 2006 were studied, based on the long-term acid rain observations at 74 sites in China. The results show that there was no remarkable change or extension of acid rain area (i.e., with annual mean of precipitation pH<5.6) during the 15 years. The largest and continuous acid rain area exists in the south of the Yangtze River, while the acid rain areas north of the Yangtze River remain separate. The severe acid rain area (i.e., with annual mean of precipitation pH<4.5) exists mainly in the south of the Yangtze River. The overall precipitation acidity for the 74 stations showed different trends before 1999 and after 2000. In the period 1992–1999, the precipitation acidity at most of the sites remained steady or showed a decreasing trend. After 2000, however, an increasing trend of the precipitation acidity was observed at many sites in North China, Central China, East China, and South China. As a result, the pattern of acid rain area changed during 1992–2006. The precipitation over North China, Central China, and South China became more acidified in the 15 years, with more pronounced trends in North China and the north of Central China. A slight decrease in the precipitation acidity was found in Southwest China, an area characterized as severest acid rain area for about two decades after the early 1980s. Consequently, the center of severe acid rain area in the south of the Yangtze River moved eastwards. The non-hydrogen conductivity (NHC), which is defined as the difference between the measured precipitation conductivity and the H+ conductivity calculated from measured pH, was estimated and treated as a proxy of soluble ions in precipitation. The result shows that the overall trend of the NHC before 1999 was pronounced and positive, while the trend after 2000 was inconspicuous or slightly negative. During 2000–2006, the change rate of pH was positively correlated to that of the NHC at 21 sites, implying that the increasing acidities found at these sites may partly be attributed to the decrease in the concentration of airborne particulate matter in recent years.