网络舆情扩散的系统动力学仿真

综合考虑网络舆情扩散的多个环节和主要影响因素,运用系统动力学理论构建了网络舆情扩散的仿真模型,并对仿真结果进行了定性和定量分析。仿真结果表明,通过提高政府公信力、政府服务社会有效性可以有效降低网络舆情扩散程度;而短期内增加社会福利保障资金和加强网络文化宣传力度对降低网络舆情扩散作用力度较小但却可以起到间接抑制作用。     

顶点算子代数模范畴的Grothendick群(英文)

研究了顶点算子代数的模范畴,得到了顶点算子代数的模范畴的Grothendick群及其一些性质,这也为研究顶点算子代数和共形场论提供了一个重要的工具.     

基于模糊综合评判法的书籍装帧设计水平的评价

根据影响书籍装帧设计水平的多种因素,采用模糊综合评判法,建立较科学、合理的书籍装帧设计水平的评判方法.同时,通过具体实例分析,找出了影响书籍装帧设计水平的主要因素,对设计者改进设计方法、提高设计水平具有指导作用.     

Inhibition of endogenous phosphodiesterase 7 promotes oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation and survival

During the development of the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) are generated in specific sites within the neural tube and then migrate to colonize the entire CNS, where they differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are characterized by the death of these cells. The CNS reacts to demyelination and by promoting spontaneous remyelination, an effect mediated by endogenous OPCs, cells that represent approximately 5–7 % of the cells in the adult brain. Numerous factors influence oligodendrogliogenesis and oligodendrocyte differentiation, including morphogens, growth factors, chemotropic molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, and intracellular cAMP levels. Here, we show that during development and in early adulthood, OPCs in the murine cerebral cortex contain phosphodiesterase-7 (PDE7) that metabolizes cAMP. We investigated the effects of different PDE7 inhibitors (the well-known BRL-50481 and two new ones, TC3.6 and VP1.15) on OPC proliferation, survival, and differentiation. While none of the PDE7 inhibitors analyzed altered OPC proliferation, TC3.6 and VP1.15 enhanced OPC survival and differentiation, processes in which ERK intracellular signaling played a key role. PDE7 expression was also observed in OPCs isolated from adult human brains and the differentiation of these OPCs into more mature oligodendroglial phenotypes was accelerated by treatment with both new PDE7 inhibitors. These findings reveal new roles for PDE7 in regulating OPC survival and differentiation during brain development and in adulthood, and they may further our understanding of myelination and facilitate the development of therapeutic remyelination strategies for the treatment of MS.     

A complete human pelvis from the Middle Pleistocene of Spain.

The Middle Pleistocene site of Sima de los Huesos in Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain, has yielded around 2,500 fossils from at least 33 different hominid individuals. These have been dated at more than 200,000 years ago and have been classified as ancestors of Neanderthals. An almost complete human male pelvis (labelled Pelvis 1) has been found, which we associate with two fragmentary femora. Pelvis 1 is robust and very broad with a very long superior pubic ramus, marked iliac flare, and a long femoral neck. This pattern is probably the primitive condition from which modern humans departed. A modern human newborn would pass through the birth canal of Pelvis 1 and this would be even larger in a female individual. We estimate the body mass of this individual at 95 kg or more. Using the cranial capacities of three specimens from Sima de los Huesos, the encephalization quotients are substantially smaller than in Neanderthals and modern humans.     

山水林田湖草 ·城生命共同体健康轨迹评价——以三峡库区重庆段为例

【目的】基于山水林田湖草生命共同体理论，研究三峡库区重庆段的生态资源合理配置问题。【方法】考虑人类活动对生命共同体的影响作用，加入“城”的要素，结合区域自然与社会经济发展特征选取典型代表年，开展三峡库区重庆段的山水林田湖草·城生命共同体健康轨迹评价，利用RAGA-PPCE探寻变化分异格局与健康驱动机制。【结果】1) 山水林田湖草·城呈现出空间地域的稳定性和时间序列的动态性，且健康状况日趋良好。从2000年至2017年，中度病态占比由27.27%下降至4.45%，仅巫溪县处于中度病态；2) 健康评价指标体系主要影响因素为驱动力（0.190）、响应（0.168）和状态（0.143），主要影响因子是城镇化率（0.218）、人口密度（0.210）、绿化覆盖率（0.206）、无害化垃圾处理率（0.193）和林地覆盖率（0.188）；3) 重庆主城区及附近区(县)，需着重考虑土地资源的综合利用；库区腹部侧重生态保护前提下可寻求增值效应。【结论】首次以山水林田湖草·城生命共同体尝试建立健康评价指标体系，综合考虑人地关系以及人与自然的协同发展，开展生命共同体健康轨迹评价与发展对策，对区域生态建设尤其是三峡库区自然资源国情与长江流域生态屏障建设具有重要的学术价值与理论创新。     

Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis

Ustilago maydis is a ubiquitous pathogen of maize and a well-established model organism for the study of plant-microbe interactions. This basidiomycete fungus does not use aggressive virulence strategies to kill its host. U. maydis belongs to the group of biotrophic parasites (the smuts) that depend on living tissue for proliferation and development. Here we report the genome sequence for a member of this economically important group of biotrophic fungi. The 20.5-million-base U. maydis genome assembly contains 6,902 predicted protein-encoding genes and lacks pathogenicity signatures found in the genomes of aggressive pathogenic fungi, for example a battery of cell-wall-degrading enzymes. However, we detected unexpected genomic features responsible for the pathogenicity of this organism. Specifically, we found 12 clusters of genes encoding small secreted proteins with unknown function. A significant fraction of these genes exists in small gene families. Expression analysis showed that most of the genes contained in these clusters are regulated together and induced in infected tissue. Deletion of individual clusters altered the virulence of U. maydis in five cases, ranging from a complete lack of symptoms to hypervirulence. Despite years of research into the mechanism of pathogenicity in U. maydis, no 'true' virulence factors had been previously identified. Thus, the discovery of the secreted protein gene clusters and the functional demonstration of their decisive role in the infection process illuminate previously unknown mechanisms of pathogenicity operating in biotrophic fungi. Genomic analysis is, similarly, likely to open up new avenues for the discovery of virulence determinants in other pathogens.     

The distillation and volatility of ionic liquids

It is widely believed that a defining characteristic of ionic liquids (or low-temperature molten salts) is that they exert no measurable vapour pressure, and hence cannot be distilled. Here we demonstrate that this is unfounded, and that many ionic liquids can be distilled at low pressure without decomposition. Ionic liquids represent matter solely composed of ions, and so are perceived as non-volatile substances. During the last decade, interest in the field of ionic liquids has burgeoned, producing a wealth of intellectual and technological challenges and opportunities for the production of new chemical and extractive processes, fuel cells and batteries, and new composite materials. Much of this potential is underpinned by their presumed involatility. This characteristic, however, can severely restrict the attainability of high purity levels for ionic liquids (when they contain poorly volatile components) in recycling schemes, as well as excluding their use in gas-phase processes. We anticipate that our demonstration that some selected families of commonly used aprotic ionic liquids can be distilled at 200-300 degrees C and low pressure, with concomitant recovery of significant amounts of pure substance, will permit these currently excluded applications to be realized.     

High-throughput synthesis and catalytic properties of a molecular sieve with 18- and 10-member rings

Crystalline molecular sieves with large pores and high adsorption capacities have many potential applications. Of these materials, zeolites are of particular interest owing to their stability in a wide range of experimental conditions. An aluminophosphate with very large circular channels(5) containing 18 oxygen atoms (18-ring channels) has been synthesized, but in the search for large-pore zeolites, most of the materials which have been synthesized up to now contain only 14-ring channels; the synthesis of zeolites with larger ring structures has been believed to be hindered by the low Si-O-Si bond angles available. A silicogaloaluminate (ECR-34) with unidirectional 18-ring channels was recently reported, but exhibited low micropore volume, thus rendering the material less attractive for catalytic applications. Here we report the structure and catalytic activity of the silicogermanate zeolite ITQ-33; this material exhibits straight large pore channels with circular openings of 18-rings along the c axis interconnected by a bidirectional system of 10-ring channels, yielding a structure with very large micropore volume. The conditions for synthesis are easily accessible, but are not typical, and were identified using high-throughput techniques.     

No supernovae associated with two long-duration gamma-ray bursts

It is now accepted that long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced during the collapse of a massive star. The standard 'collapsar' model predicts that a broad-lined and luminous type Ic core-collapse supernova accompanies every long-duration GRB. This association has been confirmed in observations of several nearby GRBs. Here we report that GRB 060505 (ref. 10) and GRB 060614 (ref. 11) were not accompanied by supernova emission down to limits hundreds of times fainter than the archetypal supernova SN 1998bw that accompanied GRB 980425, and fainter than any type Ic supernova ever observed. Multi-band observations of the early afterglows, as well as spectroscopy of the host galaxies, exclude the possibility of significant dust obscuration and show that the bursts originated in actively star-forming regions. The absence of a supernova to such deep limits is qualitatively different from all previous nearby long-duration GRBs and suggests a new phenomenological type of massive stellar death.