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41.
Health care in England is divided into the acute- and primary-care sectors. In the inner city the primary-care sector suffers from a number of ills that would be relieved by the introduction of a form of health care intermediate to it and the acute sector. This paper illustrates how members of the Department of General Practice at the University of Liverpool set about exploring the problems of the inner city and its health-care provision, as a means of arriving at a preliminary design for an intermediate-care service provision. The design was to form the basis for negotiations with other interested parties over the introduction of intermediate care in the inner city. The approach adopted was based on the soft systems methodology of P. B. Checkland. However, a number of variations on the traditional soft systems methodology were introduced, not the least of which was the introduction of new systemic metaphor into the root definition and conceptual modeling stages. 相似文献
42.
Y H Chou E M Brown T Levi G Crowe A B Atkinson H J Arnqvist G Toss G E Fuleihan J G Seidman C E Seidman 《Nature genetics》1992,1(4):295-300
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is an autosomal dominant syndrome of unknown aetiology characterized by lifelong elevation in serum calcium concentration and low urinary calcium excretion. These features suggest that the causal gene is important for maintenance of extracellular calcium homeostasis by the parathyroid gland and kidney. To identify the chromosomal location of FHH gene(s), we clinically evaluated 114 individuals in four unrelated affected families and performed linkage analyses. The disease gene mapped to the long arm of chromosome 3 in each family (combined maximum multipoint lod score = 20.67). We suggest that this is the predominant FHH locus and anticipate that identification of the FHH gene will improve our understanding of the molecular basis for physiologic and pathologic regulation of calcium. 相似文献
43.
Deletion diagnostics are derived for the effect of individual observations on the estimated transformation of a time series. The paper uses the modified power transformation of Box and Cox to provide a parametric family of transformations. Inference about the transformation parameter is made through regression on a constructed variable. The effect of deletion of observations on residuals and on the estimate of the regression parameter are obtained. Index plots of the diagnostic quantities are shown to be highly informative. Structural time series modelling is used, so that the results readily extend to inference about regression on other explanatory variables. 相似文献
44.
Large-scale genetic fine mapping and genotype-phenotype associations implicate polymorphism in the IL2RA region in type 1 diabetes 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Lowe CE Cooper JD Brusko T Walker NM Smyth DJ Bailey R Bourget K Plagnol V Field S Atkinson M Clayton DG Wicker LS Todd JA 《Nature genetics》2007,39(9):1074-1082
Genome-wide association studies are now identifying disease-associated chromosome regions. However, even after convincing replication, the localization of the causal variant(s) requires comprehensive resequencing, extensive genotyping and statistical analyses in large sample sets leading to targeted functional studies. Here, we have localized the type 1 diabetes (T1D) association in the interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL2RA) gene region to two independent groups of SNPs, spanning overlapping regions of 14 and 40 kb, encompassing IL2RA intron 1 and the 5' regions of IL2RA and RBM17 (odds ratio = 2.04, 95% confidence interval = 1.70-2.45; P = 1.92 x 10(-28); control frequency = 0.635). Furthermore, we have associated IL2RA T1D susceptibility genotypes with lower circulating levels of the biomarker, soluble IL-2RA (P = 6.28 x 10(-28)), suggesting that an inherited lower immune responsiveness predisposes to T1D. 相似文献
45.
Like many discussions on the pros and cons of epistemic foundationalism, the debate between C. I. Lewis and H. Reichenbach dealt with three concerns: the existence of basic beliefs, their nature, and the way in which beliefs are related. In this paper we concentrate on the third matter, especially on Lewis’s assertion that a probability relation must depend on something that is certain, and Reichenbach’s claim that certainty is never needed. We note that Lewis’s assertion is prima facie ambiguous, but argue that this ambiguity is only apparent if probability theory is viewed within a modal logic. Although there are empirical situations where Reichenbach is right, and others where Lewis’s reasoning seems to be more appropriate, it will become clear that Reichenbach’s stance is the generic one. We conclude that this constitutes a threat to epistemic foundationalism. 相似文献
46.
Stereological principles have been used to evaluate ultrastructural changes which accompany the transformation of lymphocytes stimulated in vivo with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Whereas unstimulated lymphocytes and blast cells have slightly more than the minimal containing plasmalemmal surface for their volume, stimulated (blast-derived) lymphocytes have an excess surface area in the order of 30%. This observation is discussed in the context of altered cell function and the biosynthesis of additional membrane components. 相似文献
47.
M. M. Al-Hamdani M. E. Atkinson T. M. Mayhew 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1979,35(3):398-400
Summary Stereological principles have been used to evaluate ultrastructural changes which accompany the transformation of lymphocytes stimulated in vivo with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Whereas unstimulated lymphocytes and blast cells have slightly more than the minimal containing plasmalemmal surface for their volume, stimulated (blast-derived) lymphocytes have an excess surface area in the order of 30%. This observation is discussed in the context of altered cell function and the biosynthesis of additional membrane components.We wish to thank Prof. R. Barer for his continued support and encouragement. The work was undertaken by M.M. A.-H. in part fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Ph. D. in this department. M.M. A-H. was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Government of Iraq. 相似文献
48.
49.
通过电阻加热方法实现了加热速度为 1 000—5 000℃/s,由此使铁及低碳钢的再结晶温度由 650℃降为 610℃,这一新型的热处理方法——超快速退火法(Ultra-rapid annealing),可以在不到一秒钟的时间内有效地软化材料,使其具有良好的机械性能,而且再结晶机理也要发生变化。在加热速度 1 000 ℃/s以上,回复效应随加热速率的提高而降低。本文重点研究了脱碳、脱氮钢,用超快速退火处理后,材料的最低硬度一般在 87.2 HV2.5kg。 相似文献
50.