Pathological changes in inbred strains of mice following early thymectomy and irradiation

Summary Mice subjected to thymectomy and irradiation were found to develop a range of pathological change in various organs. These changes were accompanied by antibodies to a variety of self-components. The pattern of pathological and autoimmune change was found to vary with the strain. This strain-related expression did not appear to be associated with the major histocompatibility complex (H-2).This study was partly supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.Author for correspondence and reprint requests.     

Structural and optical properties of Cr doped ZnO crystalline thin films deposited by reactive electron beam evaporation technique

ZnO and Cr-doped ZnO thin films are grown on to glass substrates using reactive electron beam(e-beam) evaporation technique.Variation of structural,morphological,and optical properties with Cr doping is investigated.X-ray diffraction(XRD) studies show that the films are polycrystalline in nature with single phase.Energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) results demonstrate that Cr ions are substitutionally incorporated into ZnO.Atomic force microscopy(AFM) reveals that the films present a compact surface and root mean squared(RMS) roughness increased with Cr contents.The optical band gap energy Eg of the films has been determined using Transmission data by spectrophotometer and ellipsometry.The band gap energy found to be decreased with increasing Cr doping concentration.The optical constants(refractive index,extinction coefficient) are calculated using ellipsometry and found to increase with Cr doping concentration.     

Urban Transport and Sustainable Transport Strategies： A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

The uncontrolled growth in urbanization and motorization generally contributes to an urban land use and transportation system that is socially, economically, and environmentally unsustainable. This paper uses Karachi as a case study, which is the largest urban and economic centre of Pakistan, passing through an uncontrolled phase of rapid urbanization and motorization. The paper first reviews research related to sustainable transportation systems to comprehend the concept of sustainable development and transporta-tion. The paper then evaluates the existing transportation and infrastructure system, national transportation policies, and urban transportation projects to determine if the current paradigm is moving toward or away from sustainable transportation. Furthermore, the principles for sustainable urban transportation are devel-oped to see what significance national transportation policies have given to urban transportation from a sus-tainable transportation point of view. Finally some strategies are suggested, adoption of which may lead to a sustainable urban development and transportation system in Karachi.     

MRT-2 checkpoint protein is required for germline immortality and telomere replication in C. elegans

The germ line is an immortal cell lineage that is passed indefinitely from one generation to the next. To identify the genes that are required for germline immortality, we isolated Caenorhabditis elegans mutants with mortal germ lines--worms that can reproduce for several healthy generations but eventually become sterile. One of these mortal germline (mrt) mutants, mrt-2, exhibits progressive telomere shortening and accumulates end-to-end chromosome fusions in later generations, indicating that the MRT-2 protein is required for telomere replication. In addition, the germ line of mrt-2 is hypersensitive to X-rays and to transposon activity. Therefore, mrt-2 has defects in responding both to damaged DNA and to normal double-strand breaks present at telomeres. mrt-2 encodes a homologue of a checkpoint gene that is required to sense DNA damage in yeast. These results indicate that telomeres may be identified as a type of DNA damage and then repaired by the telomere-replication enzyme telomerase.     

A HEURISTIC PATH-PLANNING METHOD FOR ENHANCING MACHINE-TOOL CONTOUR-FOLLOWING

Nomenclature ki integral action coefficient[s-1]kp speed proportional gain[s-1]kv position proportional gain[s-1]kf feed forward factor of the speed loop[%]M axis mass[kg]V speed[m/s]F driving effort[N]Rc radius of curvature[m]d distance to the apex[m]o lateral offset[m]εcontouring error[m]ωm lowest mechanical resonant frequency[s-1]ζdamping coefficient[-]r inertia ratio[-]μmembership function[-]αcorner angle[rad]x,y horizontal and vertical coordinates[m]?angle to the normal line[rad]1.I…     

A dynamic probabilistic marking approach with multi-tag for tracing ICMP-based DoS attacks

This paper presents a dynamic probabilistic marking algorithm with multiple routing address tags, which allows the victim to traceback the origin of ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)-based direct and reflective DoS attacks. The proposed approach makes full use of scalable data space of ICMP packet to achieve multiple information tags. The difference between this proposal and previous proposals lies in two points. First, the number of packets needed by the victim to reconstruct the attack path is greatly reduced because of three key mechanisms: multi-tag, uniform leftover probability, and tag location choice based on the module of accommodated tag numbers within a packet. Second, the true origin of both direct and reflective ICMP-based DoS attacks can be traced.