Cognition wars

In what kinds of physical systems can cognition be realized? There are currently competing answers among scientists and theorists of cognition. There are many plant scientists who maintain that cognition can be realized in plants. There are biological scientists who maintain that cognition is materially realized in bacteria. In this paper, I will present the basis for such claims and evaluate them and discuss the future for theories of the metaphysical basis of cognition in the cognitive sciences.     

万物之理

有没有一个单独的统一了自然界显著多样性的深刻的理论？是不是正发现了粒子物理线索到万物之理的一个有趣的模式？某些物理学家正想回答这两个问题。爱因斯坦曾经说过“宇宙中最不可理解的事情，实际上是都可以理解的。”宇宙的体积之大不可相信，其所包含事物之多不可想象。至今我们已能模拟出它的大部分历史，阐明它的结构，预测它的未来，了解其所含有客体的迷惑多变的行为。我们之所以能做这些事是因为我们了解到所有事物都是通过一个关系网把它们联结在一起的。我们把它们称之为物理定律。万物归一个好的物理学定律或理论的工作就是用…     

Fibronectin inhibits the terminal differentiation of human keratinocytes

In the epidermis proliferation of keratinocytes is restricted to the basal layer, which is in contact with the basement membrane, and cells undergo terminal differentiation as they move upwards through the suprabasal layers. In stratified cultures of human keratinocytes, upward migration is a consequence, not a cause, of terminal differentiation and occurs because keratinocytes become less adhesive to their substratum and to one another. Most keratinocytes can be induced to differentiate to completion by placing them in suspension in methylcellulose: within 12 h DNA synthesis is irreversibly inhibited and by 24 h most cells express involucrin (ref 4; P. A. Hall, J.C.A. and F.M.W., unpublished observations). Here we report that when fibronectin is added to the methylcellulose, keratinocytes still withdraw from the cell cycle, but induction of involucrin expression is largely inhibited. The effect of fibronectin is concentration- and time-dependent and is mediated by a receptor of the integrin family. These results provide an explanation for why overt terminal differentiation is normally restricted to suprabasal cells, whereas cell-cycle withdrawal occurs within the basal layer; they also have important implications for the mechanism of epidermal wound healing. Furthermore, our data show that the binding of an extracellular matrix protein to its receptor can regulate differentiated gene expression in the absence of changes in cell shape.