首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   47306篇
  免费   144篇
  国内免费   222篇
系统科学   242篇
丛书文集   857篇
教育与普及   74篇
理论与方法论   175篇
现状及发展   21872篇
研究方法   1826篇
综合类   21855篇
自然研究   771篇
  2013年   375篇
  2012年   654篇
  2011年   1409篇
  2010年   286篇
  2008年   807篇
  2007年   941篇
  2006年   907篇
  2005年   897篇
  2004年   956篇
  2003年   816篇
  2002年   845篇
  2001年   1354篇
  2000年   1304篇
  1999年   925篇
  1992年   872篇
  1991年   642篇
  1990年   727篇
  1989年   725篇
  1988年   690篇
  1987年   757篇
  1986年   754篇
  1985年   955篇
  1984年   731篇
  1983年   591篇
  1982年   545篇
  1981年   576篇
  1980年   703篇
  1979年   1497篇
  1978年   1233篇
  1977年   1175篇
  1976年   961篇
  1975年   984篇
  1974年   1379篇
  1973年   1199篇
  1972年   1260篇
  1971年   1389篇
  1970年   1843篇
  1969年   1454篇
  1968年   1363篇
  1967年   1343篇
  1966年   1201篇
  1965年   867篇
  1964年   304篇
  1959年   471篇
  1958年   847篇
  1957年   597篇
  1956年   491篇
  1955年   452篇
  1954年   496篇
  1948年   318篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
511.
The paper explores cinematic films as a pedagogical tool to promote critical thinking and student discussions in a doctoral-level learning, design, and technology seminar course at a major U.S. research university. These discussions focused on systemic change and systemic thinking concepts. The authors offer evidence from the literature that supports films’ power as a visual metaphor and neurocognitive stimulator to promote development of new perspectives in graduate students on case studies through articulation, reflection, and explanation of their thought processes on change and diffusion of innovation. There are theoretical, political, social, and technological issues that create tensions during any systemic change effort. The goal of using film in this seminar is to equip students with the requisite skills, theoretical frameworks, and interpersonal experiences needed to address these issues within organizations and communities. The change expected from systemic thinking is for students to think more deeply about the interconnectedness of systems and the importance of bottom-up change efforts that consider the perspective of all stakeholders.  相似文献   
512.
Clustering techniques are based upon a dissimilarity or distance measure between objects and clusters. This paper focuses on the simplex space, whose elements??compositions??are subject to non-negativity and constant-sum constraints. Any data analysis involving compositions should fulfill two main principles: scale invariance and subcompositional coherence. Among fuzzy clustering methods, the FCM algorithm is broadly applied in a variety of fields, but it is not well-behaved when dealing with compositions. Here, the adequacy of different dissimilarities in the simplex, together with the behavior of the common log-ratio transformations, is discussed in the basis of compositional principles. As a result, a well-founded strategy for FCM clustering of compositions is suggested. Theoretical findings are accompanied by numerical evidence, and a detailed account of our proposal is provided. Finally, a case study is illustrated using a nutritional data set known in the clustering literature.  相似文献   
513.
In this study, a powder mixture with an Al/TiO2 molar ratio of 10/3 was used to form an r-Al2Ti intermetallic matrix composite (IMC) reinforced withα-Al2O3 ceramic by a novel milling technique, called ...  相似文献   
514.
On-chip natural assembly of silicon photonic bandgap crystals.   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20  
Y A Vlasov  X Z Bo  J C Sturm  D J Norris 《Nature》2001,414(6861):289-293
Photonic bandgap crystals can reflect light for any direction of propagation in specific wavelength ranges. This property, which can be used to confine, manipulate and guide photons, should allow the creation of all-optical integrated circuits. To achieve this goal, conventional semiconductor nanofabrication techniques have been adapted to make photonic crystals. A potentially simpler and cheaper approach for creating three-dimensional periodic structures is the natural assembly of colloidal microspheres. However, this approach yields irregular, polycrystalline photonic crystals that are difficult to incorporate into a device. More importantly, it leads to many structural defects that can destroy the photonic bandgap. Here we show that by assembling a thin layer of colloidal spheres on a silicon substrate, we can obtain planar, single-crystalline silicon photonic crystals that have defect densities sufficiently low that the bandgap survives. As expected from theory, we observe unity reflectance in two crystalline directions of our photonic crystals around a wavelength of 1.3 micrometres. We also show that additional fabrication steps, intentional doping and patterning, can be performed, so demonstrating the potential for specific device applications.  相似文献   
515.
516.
517.
Water capture by a desert beetle.   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
A R Parker  C R Lawrence 《Nature》2001,414(6859):33-34
Some beetles in the Namib Desert collect drinking water from fog-laden wind on their backs. We show here that these large droplets form by virtue of the insect's bumpy surface, which consists of alternating hydrophobic, wax-coated and hydrophilic, non-waxy regions. The design of this fog-collecting structure can be reproduced cheaply on a commercial scale and may find application in water-trapping tent and building coverings, for example, or in water condensers and engines.  相似文献   
518.
Superconductivity in CaCuO2 as a result of field-effect doping.   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Understanding the doping mechanisms in the simplest superconducting copper oxide-the infinite-layer compound ACuO2 (where A is an alkaline earth metal)-is an excellent way of investigating the pairing mechanism in high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors more generally. Gate-induced modulation of the carrier concentration to obtain superconductivity is a powerful means of achieving such understanding: it minimizes the effects of potential scattering by impurities, and of structural modifications arising from chemical dopants. Here we report the transport properties of thin films of the infinite-layer compound CaCuO2 using field-effect doping. At high hole- and electron-doping levels, superconductivity is induced in the nominally insulating material. Maximum values of Tc of 89 K and 34 K are observed respectively for hole- and electron-type doping of around 0.15 charge carriers per CuO2. We can explore the whole doping diagram of the CuO2 plane while changing only a single electric parameter, the gate voltage.  相似文献   
519.
This paper considers a class of stochastic variational inequality problems. As proposed by Jiang and Xu (2008), by using the so-called regularized gap function, the authors formulate the problems as constrained optimization problems and then propose a sample average approximation method for solving the problems. Under some moderate conditions, the authors investigate the limiting behavior of the optimal values and the optimal solutions of the approximation problems. Finally, some numerical results are reported to show efficiency of the proposed method.  相似文献   
520.
Silver ions substituted samarium strontium manganite (Sm0.55Sr0.30Ag0.15MnO3) pervoskite was synthesized by using respective oxides in stoichiometric ratio through solid state reaction. The as-prepared sample was characterized by various analytical techniques to confirm its formation and understand the effect of monovalent silver ions in pervoskite lattice. X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the single phase formation while grain morphology in SEM image indicates good connectivity among the grains. The enhancement in metal to insulator transition temperature shows quenched disorder and magnetoresistance phenomena. The magnetoresistance (MR) and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) emerge from grain growth factor and homogeneity induced by Ag+ ions in the lattice. The reduction in hysteresis loss resulted from antiferromagnetic - ferromagnetic (TN) and ferromagnetic - paramagnetic (Tc) transitions reveals the removal of disorder in perovskite lattice by Ag+ ions substitution. This increases the magnetic moment across distinct ions on the applying magnetic field. The rise in MR% (~99%) with silver doping emerging from smooth spin tunneling of the grains across the boundary and suppression of the disordered magnetic fluctuations with increase in magnetic field has been reported. The present compound exhibits the first order nature of magnetism and observed first time the highest value of TCR ~ 95%.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号