重庆主城区杂草物种组成特征及多样性格局

采用网格法在我国典型的山地城市重庆主城区内设置了86个1 km×1 km的样地,全面调查了杂草物种组成,并分析和探讨了城市化背景下杂草物种组成特征及多样性分布格局.结果如下:①共记录杂草69科223属301种,包含物种最多的科为菊科和禾本科;②一年生杂草和矮生长型杂草占优势;③以本地杂草为主,外来杂草和外来入侵杂草分别有31种和11种;④高、中和低城市化区杂草物种组成相似性较低,并且优势种组成差异较大;⑤高城市化区样方杂草物种数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著低于中城市化区和低城市化区(p 0.01);⑥样方杂草物种数随着样地与城市中心距离的增加波动,呈波浪形模式.综上,城市化对山地多中心城市的杂草物种组成和多样性均具有明显影响,但导致的城市化梯度变化格局有异于平原单中心城市的模式.     

Minimum-Cost Forest for Uncertain Multicast with Delay Constraints

The use of multicast transmission can efficiently reduce the consumption of network resources by jointly serving multiple destinations with a single source node. Currently, many multicast applications impose the constraint wherein multicast flows must be processed by a series of Virtual Network Functions(VNFs) before reaching their destinations. Given a multicast transmission, there are usually multiple server nodes, each of which is able to host all the required VNFs. Thus, the multicast flow should be initially steered to one or a few selected server nodes that act as pseudo sources, and the destinations will then retrieve new flow from any of these pseudo sources.In this paper, we model this kind of multicast as an uncertain multicast with multiple pseudo sources, whose routing structure is usually a forest consisting of multiple isolated trees. We then characterize and construct the Delay-guaranteed Minimum Cost Forest(D-MCF) such that each path from the source to the destination satisfies the end-to-end delay constraint. To tackle this NP-hard problem, we design two efficient methods, the Partition Algorithm(PA) and the Combination Algorithm(CA), to approximate the optimal solution. Theoretical analyses and evaluations indicate that these two methods can generate the desired routing forest for any multicast transfer.Moreover, the PA method achieves a better balance between performance and time consumption than the CA method. The evaluation results show that PA-(Ω+20) can reduce total cost by 49:02% while consuming 12:59% more time, thus significantly outperforming the CA-(Ω+20) method.     

煅烧温度对8YSZ-WO_3氨传感器性能的影响

利用固体电解质物质的量浓度为8%的Y_2O_3掺杂的ZrO_2(8YSZ)和敏感材料WO_3制备了片式混合电势型NH_3传感器(简称8YSZ-WO_3传感器),分别在600、650、700和750℃温度下进行煅烧,获得相应的敏感电极,探讨了不同煅烧温度下敏感电极微观结构以及传感器性能的变化,并对传感器的工作机理进行了研究分析。当煅烧温度为700℃时,敏感材料晶粒间形成贯通的孔道,器件性能最佳,其中在测试温度550℃下,该传感器对250×10~(-6) NH_3的响应信号大小为59.35 mV,灵敏度为52.65 mV/decade,并且该传感器遵循混合电动势理论。     

Multiple perspectives: Concept,applications, and user guidelines

The evolution of the multiple perspective approach and its range of applications over the past decade are reviewed. The traditional technical perspective of systems analysis is augmented with organizational and personal perspectives. The three types of perspectives have inherently different characteristics and properties. The applications show that each perspective yields insights on a system that are not attainable with the others. The organizational and personal perspectives also focus more attention on problems of implementation. The concept is serving as an effective and practical vehicle to overcome the limitations of systems analysis in dealing with complex real-world situations.     

浅谈箱梁后张法预应力钢绞线质量控制

结合工程实际施工经验,对箱梁后张法预应力钢绞线施工质量控制进行论述,为箱梁施工质量控制提供参考.     

焦作市城区雨污合流问题的成因及对策探讨

探讨了焦作市城区雨污合流状况形成的原因，提出了一些可行的解决办法，以实现焦作市政府制定的污水处理率目标，对同类城市的合流排水改造有一定的借鉴作用。     

浅析深层搅拌桩在地基处理中的运用

分析了水泥与软土采用机械搅拌加固的基本原理，并阐述了水泥搅拌桩参数的确定、施工方法、质量控制、常见问题以及处理措施。     

承受热冲击的大口径机枪枪管的热效应分析

根据热弹性理论,考虑枪管承受对流、传导和热辐射的情况,使用有限元法,计算了带有Cr镀层的某大口径机枪枪管在单个和连续热冲击下的瞬态温度及瞬态热应力,分析了其沿轴向和径向的分布规律,并评价了热冲击对于强度的影响,计算结果得到了实验数据的验证.研究表明:(1)热冲击具有明显的薄层效应;(2)热冲击引起的内膛表面温度响应和VonMises应力响应呈脉冲状;(3)热负荷产生的热应力明显高于膛压产生的应力.     

Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests

Carbon exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is one of the key processes that need to be assessed in the context of the Kyoto Protocol. Several studies suggest that the terrestrial biosphere is gaining carbon, but these estimates are obtained primarily by indirect methods, and the factors that control terrestrial carbon exchange, its magnitude and primary locations, are under debate. Here we present data of net ecosystem carbon exchange, collected between 1996 and 1998 from 15 European forests, which confirm that many European forest ecosystems act as carbon sinks. The annual carbon balances range from an uptake of 6.6 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year to a release of nearly 1 t C ha(-1) yr(-1), with a large variability between forests. The data show a significant increase of carbon uptake with decreasing latitude, whereas the gross primary production seems to be largely independent of latitude. Our observations indicate that, in general, ecosystem respiration determines net ecosystem carbon exchange. Also, for an accurate assessment of the carbon balance in a particular forest ecosystem, remote sensing of the normalized difference vegetation index or estimates based on forest inventories may not be sufficient.