人造太阳":中国聚变梦"需分三个阶段走

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定制公交居民出行方式选择的影响因素

掌握影响定制公交选择概率的因素,对于定制公交的运营管理具有重要作用。结合广义Logit回归模型和条件Logit回归模型的混合模型,将居民个人属性与出行方案属性同时考虑进出行方式效用函数中。根据定制公交的在旅途距离及服务水平的设置定位,选取定制公交、出租车与常规公交作为出行选择集。运用问卷调查数据进行模型参数拟合,得到不同影响因素对于出行方式的边际效用和分布概率的影响。通过拟合结果,得到出行价格变量的系数在常规公交及定制公交1的效用函数中绝对值较大,分别为0.195 4和0.117 3,而在定制公交2和出租车的效用函数中绝对值较小,分别为0.156 1和0.057 1。行程时间变量在定制公交2和出租车效用函数中的绝对值较大,分别为0.073 5和0.080 7,在常规公交和定制公交1的效用函数中绝对值较小,分别为0.020 4和0.015 0。说明定制公交的服务需根据潜在乘客的出行价格及出行时间敏感度进行设置,研究结果对设置定制公交运营策略具有重要参考意义。     

市售夏枯草饮片质量调查及评价标准研究

为了对夏枯草饮片质量进行全面的评价和控制,对市售18批饮片进行了外观性状考察、TLC鉴别以及水分、灰分、浸出物检测,建立了夏枯草饮片HPLC指纹图谱和咖啡酸、迷迭香酸含量测定方法,并结合主成分分析和聚类分析方法用于对不同批次饮片的模式识别。结果表明,18批饮片外观性状均符合药典标准,但少有符合传统对优品夏枯草外观的要求。TLC图谱均可检出迷迭香酸;水分、总灰分、浸出物含量均符合药典要求;酸不溶性灰分除3批外,其余符合药典要求,但不同批次间有较大的差异;指纹图谱的整体相似度较高,批次间主要色谱峰峰面积和批次间咖啡酸、迷迭香酸的含量有较大差异。通过上述研究,对市售饮片质量有了初步了解,建议提高外观评价标准,增加指纹图谱质量评价指标。     

基于拉曼光谱和光学二次谐波的二硒化锡结构研究

二维层状半导体材料,尤其是少数原子层时,其光电性质与晶格结构密切相关,采用合适的表征方法是关键。本文通过使用机械剥离的方法,得到了不同层数的二硒化锡,并利用光学二次谐波和拉曼光谱的表征研究了其晶体结构的性质。通过二次谐波准确确定了二硒化锡的晶轴,分析了厚度对二次谐波的影响,为确定材料的晶格结构提供了一种纯光学的手段,同时为发现二硒化锡其他非线性光学性质提供了可能性。通过拉曼光谱,发现二硒化锡层间振动模式对厚度和温度变化均较为敏感,表明二硒化锡可应用于大范围内温度的原位监测。     

粉煤灰对聚烯烃胶粘带防腐层的补强性能研究

分析了济宁地区粉煤灰的外观形貌和化学组成，并用于聚烯烃胶粘带防腐层补强性能研究，着重研究了粉煤灰添加量对聚烯烃胶粘带防腐层力学性能的影响。实验结果表明：粉煤灰中的化学成分以 SiO₂、Al₂O₃、 Fe₂O₃为主，三者总质量分数高达88.04%，CaO的质量分数为12.40%，此粉煤灰属于碱性灰；粉煤灰中有少量非晶态玻璃体的存在，主要晶体矿物是石英、莫来石和赤铁矿；添加粉煤灰后，聚烯烃胶粘带防腐层的力学性能得到提升；当粉煤灰添加量为15份时，试验品的力学性能最优，拉伸强度91.93 N/cm、断裂伸长率536.67%、剥离强度33.43 N/cm；煤粉灰是一种优良的填充剂，可以代替碳酸钙用于聚烯烃胶粘带防腐层的生产。此研究不仅能提高粉煤灰的利用率和附加值，改善聚烯烃胶粘带防腐层的各项性能，还能为工业粉煤灰在橡胶补强方面的产业化应用提供理论依据。     

天津加快用高新技术改造传统产业的必要性和政策选择

<中共天津市委关于制定天津市国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划的建议>指出:天津经济社会发展将进入一个新的历史时期,是各项工作全面上水平,实现跨越式发展的重要时期.     

[bmim]Zn_2Cl_5/NH_3溶液的比热容和过量焓

测定了离子液体[bmim]Zn_2Cl_5在T=(323.15~1 173.15)K范围内的热重曲线,结果显示[bmim]Zn_2Cl_5在T637.15 K时具有很高的热稳定性。通过DSC测试得到[bmim]Zn_2Cl_5的比热容数据,在T=(251.15~383.15)K范围内可以用一个圆锥曲线很好地拟合。实验测定了[bmim]Zn_2Cl_5(2)+NH3(1)二元体系溶液的摩尔过量焓,其中氨的摩尔分数x1=(0.60~0.95),温度值为T=288.15 K,303.15 K,318.15 K,333.15 K。采用NRTL模型对过量焓数据进行拟合,得出二元可调参数和非随机参数。过量焓数据的测量误差和最大拟合偏差分别小于4.8%和4.3%。在[bmim]Zn_2Cl_5比热容和[bmim]Zn_2Cl_5/NH3过量焓数据的基础上,计算了氨质量分数w1=(0~1)、温度范围T=(273.15~343.15)K条件下[bmim]Zn_2Cl_5/NH3溶液的焓,所得焓浓图对于研究[bmim]Zn_2Cl_5/NH3吸收式制冷系统性能至关重要。     

Annealing-induced interfacial toughening using a molecular nanolayer

Self-assembled molecular nanolayers (MNLs) composed of short organic chains and terminated with desired functional groups are attractive for modifying surface properties for a variety of applications. For example, organosilane MNLs are used as lubricants, in nanolithography, for corrosion protection and in the crystallization of biominerals. Recent work has explored uses of MNLs at thin-film interfaces, both as active components in molecular devices, and as passive layers, inhibiting interfacial diffusion, promoting adhesion and toughening brittle nanoporous structures. The relatively low stability of MNLs on surfaces at temperatures above 350-400 degrees C (refs 12, 13), as a result of desorption or degradation, limits the use of surface MNLs in high-temperature applications. Here we harness MNLs at thin-film interfaces at temperatures higher than the MNL desorption temperature to fortify copper-dielectric interfaces relevant to wiring in micro- and nano-electronic devices. Annealing Cu/MNL/SiO2 structures at 400-700 degrees C results in interfaces that are five times tougher than pristine Cu/SiO2 structures, yielding values exceeding approximately 20 J m(-2). Previously, similarly high toughness values have only been obtained using micrometre-thick interfacial layers. Electron spectroscopy of fracture surfaces and density functional theory modelling of molecular stretching and fracture show that toughening arises from thermally activated interfacial siloxane bridging that enables the MNL to be strongly linked to both the adjacent layers at the interface, and suppresses MNL desorption. We anticipate that our findings will open up opportunities for molecular-level tailoring of a variety of interfacial properties, at processing temperatures higher than previously envisaged, for applications where microlayers are not a viable option-such as in nanodevices or in thermally resistant molecular-inorganic hybrid devices.     

Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO2 ocean

The oceans have absorbed nearly half of the fossil-fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted into the atmosphere since pre-industrial times, causing a measurable reduction in seawater pH and carbonate saturation. If CO2 emissions continue to rise at current rates, upper-ocean pH will decrease to levels lower than have existed for tens of millions of years and, critically, at a rate of change 100 times greater than at any time over this period. Recent studies have shown effects of ocean acidification on a variety of marine life forms, in particular calcifying organisms. Consequences at the community to ecosystem level, in contrast, are largely unknown. Here we show that dissolved inorganic carbon consumption of a natural plankton community maintained in mesocosm enclosures at initial CO2 partial pressures of 350, 700 and 1,050 microatm increases with rising CO2. The community consumed up to 39% more dissolved inorganic carbon at increased CO2 partial pressures compared to present levels, whereas nutrient uptake remained the same. The stoichiometry of carbon to nitrogen drawdown increased from 6.0 at low CO2 to 8.0 at high CO2, thus exceeding the Redfield carbon:nitrogen ratio of 6.6 in today's ocean. This excess carbon consumption was associated with higher loss of organic carbon from the upper layer of the stratified mesocosms. If applicable to the natural environment, the observed responses have implications for a variety of marine biological and biogeochemical processes, and underscore the importance of biologically driven feedbacks in the ocean to global change.     

Radio-frequency scanning tunnelling microscopy

The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) relies on localized electron tunnelling between a sharp probe tip and a conducting sample to attain atomic-scale spatial resolution. In the 25-year period since its invention, the STM has helped uncover a wealth of phenomena in diverse physical systems--ranging from semiconductors to superconductors to atomic and molecular nanosystems. A severe limitation in scanning tunnelling microscopy is the low temporal resolution, originating from the diminished high-frequency response of the tunnel current readout circuitry. Here we overcome this limitation by measuring the reflection from a resonant inductor-capacitor circuit in which the tunnel junction is embedded, and demonstrate electronic bandwidths as high as 10 MHz. This approximately 100-fold bandwidth improvement on the state of the art translates into fast surface topography as well as delicate measurements in mesoscopic electronics and mechanics. Broadband noise measurements across the tunnel junction using this radio-frequency STM have allowed us to perform thermometry at the nanometre scale. Furthermore, we have detected high-frequency mechanical motion with a sensitivity approaching approximately 15 fm Hz(-1/2). This sensitivity is on par with the highest available from nanoscale optical and electrical displacement detection techniques, and the radio-frequency STM is expected to be capable of quantum-limited position measurements.