A Study of the Jet System of the Recovery Concerning Waste Heat of Steam Condensate

This paper presents a frame figure of the recovery system concerning waste heat of steam     

Effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure and optoelectrical properties of ZnO thin films and their application in self-powered accelerometers

This paper reports a piezoelectric nanogenerator (NG) with a thickness of approximately 80 μm for miniaturized self-powered acceleration sensors. To deposit the piezoelectric zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film, a magnetron sputtering machine was used. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) were used as the insulating layer and the top electrode of the NG, respectively. The experimental results show that the ZnO thin films annealed at 150℃ exhibited the highest crystallinity among the prepared films and an optical band gap of 3.24 eV. The NG fabricated with an AZO/PMMA/ZnO/stainless steel configuration exhibited a higher output voltage than the device with an AZO/ZnO/PMMA/stainless steel configuration. In addition, the annealing temperature affected the open-circuit voltage of the NGs; the output voltage reached 3.81 V when the annealing temperature was 150℃. The open-circuit voltage of the prepared self-powered accelerometer increased linearly with acceleration. In addition, the small NG-based accelerometer, which exhibited excellent fatigue resistance, can be used for acceleration measurements of small and lightweight devices.     

The structural basis for activation of plant immunity by bacterial effector protein AvrPto

Pathogenic microbes use effectors to enhance susceptibility in host plants. However, plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to detect these effectors using cognate disease resistance proteins, a recognition that is highly specific, often elicits rapid and localized cell death, known as a hypersensitive response, and thus potentially limits pathogen growth. Despite numerous genetic and biochemical studies on the interactions between pathogen effector proteins and plant resistance proteins, the structural bases for such interactions remain elusive. The direct interaction between the tomato protein kinase Pto and the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein AvrPto is known to trigger disease resistance and programmed cell death through the nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) class of disease resistance protein Prf. Here we present the crystal structure of an AvrPto-Pto complex. Contrary to the widely held hypothesis that AvrPto activates Pto kinase activity, our structural and biochemical analyses demonstrated that AvrPto is an inhibitor of Pto kinase in vitro. The AvrPto-Pto interaction is mediated by the phosphorylation-stabilized P+1 loop and a second loop in Pto, both of which negatively regulate the Prf-mediated defences in the absence of AvrPto in tomato plants. Together, our results show that AvrPto derepresses host defences by interacting with the two defence-inhibition loops of Pto.     

Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice

Yield potential, plant height and heading date are three classes of traits that determine the productivity of many crop plants. Here we show that the quantitative trait locus (QTL) Ghd7, isolated from an elite rice hybrid and encoding a CCT domain protein, has major effects on an array of traits in rice, including number of grains per panicle, plant height and heading date. Enhanced expression of Ghd7 under long-day conditions delays heading and increases plant height and panicle size. Natural mutants with reduced function enable rice to be cultivated in temperate and cooler regions. Thus, Ghd7 has played crucial roles for increasing productivity and adaptability of rice globally.     

Balanced and Coordinated Development of Chemistry in China

Balanced and coordinated development of Chemistry has narrow sense and generalized comprehension. The former only refers to the balanced layout and coordinated development among "every discipline and specialty in chemistry", and the latter taking the bala     

Palaeoclimate simulation of Little Ice Age

Promotedbytheinternationalresearch projectsofPAGESandCLIVAR ,thestudiesonclimaticandenvironmentalchangesinthepast 2 0 0 0yearshavedrawntheattentionofgeologistsandpalaeoclimato logistsallovertheworld[1,2 ] .AmongthemthecoldeventoftheLittleIceAge (LIA)isparticularlythemostattractiveone[3～ 10 ] ,whichisthenearesttypicalcoldperiodintheglobalrangefrommodernage ,andhadaprofoundimpactuponhumansociety[11] .Addi tionally ,moreknowledgeaboutthecauseoforiginanddynamicmechanismofLIAmayenrichandpe…     

Direct simulation on two-phase flows with two-way coupling velocity model

Based on the idea that not only the fluid mechanism but also the movement of the particles affects the character of the multiphase flow, a new two-way coupling model is developed. Then it is applied to the numerical simulation of the vortex pairing in a mixing layer and it is found that the particles impede the process of vortex pairing and reduce the Reynolds stress; the particle with relative small Stokes number moves with the flow and the particle with relative large Stokes number moves towards the edge, but the centrifugal tendency is delayed as compared with the one way coupling model.     

Kinetic equation for internal oxidation of Cu-Al alloy cylinders

The kinetics of internal oxidation of Cu-Al alloy cylinders, containing up to 2.214mol% Al, were investigated in the temperature range of 1023 K to 1273 K, and the depth of internal oxidation was measured in the microscopy. A kinetic equation was derived to describe the internal oxidation of Cu-Al alloy cylinders. For the internal oxidation of Cu-Al alloys employed in the synthesis of alumina dispersion strengthened copper, the kinetic equation can be simplified. The derived equation was checked experimentally by means of oxidation depth measurements and the results show that the derived equation is exact enough to describe the kinetics of internal oxidation of Cu-Al alloy cylinders. Based on this equation and the oxidation depth measurements, the permeability of oxygen in solid copper was obtained. Investigation also shows that there is no evidence for preferential diffusion along grain boundaries in the process of internal oxidation.     

An Optimization Algorithm for Service Composition Based on an Improved FOA

Large-scale service composition has become an important research topic in Service-Oriented Computing(SOC). Quality of Service(Qo S) has been mostly applied to represent nonfunctional properties of web services and to differentiate those with the same functionality. Many studies for measuring service composition in terms of Qo S have been completed. Among current popular optimization methods for service composition, the exhaustion method has some disadvantages such as requiring a large number of calculations and poor scalability. Similarly,the traditional evolutionary computation method has defects such as exhibiting slow convergence speed and falling easily into the local optimum. In order to solve these problems, an improved optimization algorithm, WS FOA(Web Service composition based on Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm) for service composition, was proposed, on the basis of the modeling of service composition and the FOA. Simulated experiments demonstrated that the algorithm is effective, feasible, stable, and possesses good global searching ability.     

A dynamical system-Markov model for active postsynaptic responses of muscle spindle afferent nerve

Motoneuron is the control unit of skeletal muscles,and the dynamic frequency-regulating feedback from the afferent nerve of receptors like muscle spindles forms the physical basis of its closed-loop regulation.Focused on the synapses of muscle spindle afferents,this paper established a dynamical system-Markov model starting from presynaptic stimulations to postsynaptic responses,and further verified the model via comparisons between theoretical results and relevant experimental data.With the purpose of describing the active features of dendritic membrane,we employed the methods of dynamical systems rather than the traditional passive cable theory,and identified the physical meaning of parameters involved.For the dynamic behavior of postsynaptic currents,we adopted simplified Markov models so that the analytical solutions for the open dynamics of postsynaptic receptors can be obtained.The model in this paper is capable of simulating the actual non-uniformity of channel density,and is suitable for complex finite element analysis of neurons;thus it facilitates the exploration of the frequency-regulating feedback and control mechanisms of motoneurons.