我国几种亚热带土壤铁锰胶膜的微形貌和元素分布特征

应用电子探针（EPMA）和偏光显微观察等技术，研究了我国亚热带黄褐土、黄棕壤和红壤铁锰胶膜的微形貌特征和胶膜线剖面（从胶膜到基质的垂直断面）的元素分布特点. 结果表明：铁锰胶膜为黑色和红褐色相间、厚度约为1mm以内的膜状物， 其结构致密，与基质的界限较清晰. MnO₂，Fe₂O₃，SiO₂，CaO等组分在胶膜线剖面上波动分布；胶膜中MnO₂，Fe₂O₃ 和CaO 等含量比基质的高，SiO₂ 的含量相反；胶膜中元素含量的变化范围比基质的大，其中MnO2的差别尤为显著. 由外向内，黄褐土和黄棕壤的铁锰胶膜出现富锰条带区、富铁锰条带区和富铁条带区，它们在胶膜表面呈现黑色锰氧化物和红色铁氧化物的复合淀积层；红壤胶膜由外向内为富铁锰条带区和富铁条带区，富锰条带区不明显，微形貌特征为明显的黑红相间带状铁锰交互淀积层. 从南到北，3种土壤铁锰胶膜中的富锰条带区逐渐明显，这源于气候等成土因素的差异，也表明铁锰胶膜形成时土壤环境的变迁. 由铁锰胶膜的微形貌特征和元素分布特点认为，胶膜的生长起源于渍水的环境，它的发育是在土壤长时期整体偏干或偏湿的氧化还原交替变化过程中进行的.     

Evidence for cultivar adoption and emerging complexity during the mid-Holocene in the La Plata basin

Multidisciplinary investigations at the Los Ajos archaeological mound complex in the wetlands of southeastern Uruguay challenge the traditional view that the La Plata basin was inhabited by simple groups of hunters and gatherers for much of the pre-Hispanic era. Here we report new archaeological, palaeoecological and botanical data indicating that during an increasingly drier mid-Holocene, at around 4,190 radiocarbon (14C) years before present (bp), Los Ajos became a permanent circular plaza village, and its inhabitants adopted the earliest cultivars known in southern South America. The architectural plan of Los Ajos during the following Ceramic Mound Period (around 3,000-500 14C yr bp) is similar to, but earlier than, settlement patterns demonstrated in Amazonia, revealing a new and independent architectural tradition for South America.     

FK506 sensitizes mammalian cells to high osmolarity by modulating p38 MAP kinase activation

The immunosuppressants tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporin A (CsA) have increased the survival rates in organ transplantation. Both drugs inhibit the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) in activated T cells, exhibiting similar side-effects. Diabetes is observed more often in FK506 than CsA therapy, probably due to inhibition of new molecular targets other than CaN. We studied FK506 toxicity in mammalian cells. FK506, but not CsA, regulated p38 activation by osmotic stress, and decreased viability in osmostressed cells. In addition, FK506 treatment strongly increased the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor-2a (eIF-2a) subunit. eIF-2a phosphorylation, p38 inhibition and cell lethality were relieved by addition of excess amino acids to the medium, suggesting that amino acid availability mediated FK506 toxicity. Therefore, these FK506-dependent responses could be relevant to the non-therapeutic effects of FK506 therapy.Received 16 October 2003; received after revision 8 January 2004; accepted 14 January 2004     

Coulomb blockade and the Kondo effect in single-atom transistors

Using molecules as electronic components is a powerful new direction in the science and technology of nanometre-scale systems. Experiments to date have examined a multitude of molecules conducting in parallel, or, in some cases, transport through single molecules. The latter includes molecules probed in a two-terminal geometry using mechanically controlled break junctions or scanning probes as well as three-terminal single-molecule transistors made from carbon nanotubes, C(60) molecules, and conjugated molecules diluted in a less-conducting molecular layer. The ultimate limit would be a device where electrons hop on to, and off from, a single atom between two contacts. Here we describe transistors incorporating a transition-metal complex designed so that electron transport occurs through well-defined charge states of a single atom. We examine two related molecules containing a Co ion bonded to polypyridyl ligands, attached to insulating tethers of different lengths. Changing the length of the insulating tether alters the coupling of the ion to the electrodes, enabling the fabrication of devices that exhibit either single-electron phenomena, such as Coulomb blockade, or the Kondo effect.     

Large Cretaceous sphenodontian from Patagonia provides insight into lepidosaur evolution in Gondwana

Sphenodontian reptiles successfully radiated during Triassic and Jurassic times, but were driven almost to extinction during the Cretaceous period. The sparse Early Cretaceous record of sphenodontians has been interpreted as reflecting the decline of the group in favour of lizards, their suspected ecological successors. However, recent discoveries in Late Cretaceous beds in Patagonia partially modify this interpretation. Numerous skeletons of a new sphenodontian, Priosphenodon avelasi gen. et sp. nov., were collected from a single locality in the Cenomanian-Turonian Candeleros Formation, where it is more abundant than any other tetrapod group recorded in the quarry (for example, Crocodyliformes, Serpentes, Dinosauria and Mammalia). Adult specimens of Priosphenodon reached one metre in length, larger than any previously known terrestrial sphenodontian. Here we propose, using available evidence, that sphenodontians were not a minor component of the Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems of South America, and that their ecological replacement by squamates was delayed until the early Tertiary. The new discovery helps to bridge the considerable gap in the fossil record (around 120 million years) that separates the Early Cretaceous sphenodontians from their living relatives (Sphenodon).     

Juxtaposed regions of extensive and minimal linkage disequilibrium in human Xq25 and Xq28

Linkage disequilibrium (LD), or the non-random association of alleles, is poorly understood in the human genome. Population genetic theory suggests that LD is determined by the age of the markers, population history, recombination rate, selection and genetic drift. Despite the uncertainties in determining the relative contributions of these factors, some groups have argued that LD is a simple function of distance between markers. Disease-gene mapping studies and a simulation study gave differing predictions on the degree of LD in isolated and general populations. In view of the discrepancies between theory and experimental observations, we constructed a high-density SNP map of the Xq25-Xq28 region and analysed the male genotypes and haplotypes across this region for LD in three populations. The populations included an outbred European sample (CEPH males) and isolated population samples from Finland and Sardinia. We found two extended regions of strong LD bracketed by regions with no evidence for LD in all three samples. Haplotype analysis showed a paucity of haplotypes in regions of strong LD. Our results suggest that, in this region of the X chromosome, LD is not a monotonic function of the distance between markers, but is more a property of the particular location in the human genome.     

人体静态操作姿势与血流特性关系的实验研究

运用多普勒超声测量仪器测量了不同静态操作姿势角度下人体的血流特性，利用数理统计方法对所得数据进行统计分析，得出了人体在不同姿势角度下血流特性的变化规律，并在此基础上绘制出评分曲线．实验结果表明，人体在自然姿势角度时血流量最大，但当人体偏离自然姿势时，血流量则会越来越小，并由此引起人体舒适性的变化．此结果可作为人机工效的评价依据，使得人们不仅能够判断出人体的舒适区域，而且能够得到人体的最舒适姿势，同时也可对仪器设备的设计起到指导性作用．     

基于层次分析法的模具网络化制造企业匹配技术

为解决模具网络化制造企业与开发任务匹配的模糊性问题,提出了基于层次分析法、融合模糊综合评判的匹配算法和流程.在综合考虑工艺能力、生产状态、经济性、快速性、相对距离和企业信誉6方面指标的基础上构建了多层匹配模型,并根据专家打分,结合模糊评判得出评价矩阵和权重矢量,继而求得决策向量,实现了对侯选模具企业的排序和选择.通过装定器壳体注塑模具的开发实例表明,所提出的方法能有效量化问题中如各指标权重等主观定性因素,并将涉及工艺、价格等诸多方面的匹配过程层次化,为模具网络化制造企业的匹配提供了可信依据.