响应面法优化菌株Serratia proteamaculans sp. L 3产冷活性β-半乳糖苷酶

为了开发工业用酶,在前期菌株筛选的基础上,利用Design-Expert软件,通过Plackett-Bru-man设计与响应面法(RSM)相结合的实验统计方法实现对Serratia proteamaculans sp.L 3菌株产冷β-半乳糖苷酶培养基成分的优化.Plackett-Burman设计筛选出3个显著影响因子:K2HPO4,MgSO4和NaCl,应用中心组合设计和响应面分析确定产酶的最优组合为:K2HPO40.15 g·L-1,MgSO40.50 g·L-1,NaCl 0.76 g·L-1,此时预测的最高A420为0.370 4.经过验证实验,结果表示最佳产酶培养基成分条件下,优化后降解ONPG的能力提高了1.1倍.本研究为微生物β-半乳糖苷酶的后续工业化应用提供理论依据.     

Corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for learning intentional neuroprosthetic skills

The ability to learn new skills and perfect them with practice applies not only to physical skills but also to abstract skills, like motor planning or neuroprosthetic actions. Although plasticity in corticostriatal circuits has been implicated in learning physical skills, it remains unclear if similar circuits or processes are required for abstract skill learning. Here we use a novel behavioural task in rodents to investigate the role of corticostriatal plasticity in abstract skill learning. Rodents learned to control the pitch of an auditory cursor to reach one of two targets by modulating activity in primary motor cortex irrespective of physical movement. Degradation of the relation between action and outcome, as well as sensory-specific devaluation and omission tests, demonstrate that these learned neuroprosthetic actions are intentional and goal-directed, rather than habitual. Striatal neurons change their activity with learning, with more neurons modulating their activity in relation to target-reaching as learning progresses. Concomitantly, strong relations between the activity of neurons in motor cortex and the striatum emerge. Specific deletion of striatal NMDA receptors impairs the development of this corticostriatal plasticity, and disrupts the ability to learn neuroprosthetic skills. These results suggest that corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for abstract skill learning, and that neuroprosthetic movements capitalize on the neural circuitry involved in natural motor learning.     

Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia

A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, H5N1, caused disease outbreaks in poultry in China and seven other east Asian countries between late 2003 and early 2004; the same virus was fatal to humans in Thailand and Vietnam. Here we demonstrate a series of genetic reassortment events traceable to the precursor of the H5N1 viruses that caused the initial human outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997 (refs 2-4) and subsequent avian outbreaks in 2001 and 2002 (refs 5, 6). These events gave rise to a dominant H5N1 genotype (Z) in chickens and ducks that was responsible for the regional outbreak in 2003-04. Our findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China had a central role in the generation and maintenance of this virus, and that wild birds may have contributed to the increasingly wide spread of the virus in Asia. Our results suggest that H5N1 viruses with pandemic potential have become endemic in the region and are not easily eradicable. These developments pose a threat to public and veterinary health in the region and potentially the world, and suggest that long-term control measures are required.     

Influence of magnetic current on the ground state entanglement in an isotropic transverse XY chain

We study the ground state entanglement in a three-qubit XY chain under the influence of a magnetization current. It is found that the ground state changes from a W state to a disentangled state as the magnetic field varies. When the Lagrange multiplier λ> , namely under a strong magnetic current, the ground state holds onto a W state for a large range of the magnetic field strength. A phase transition to the magnetization-current phase occurs under a certain condition.     

第一类算子方程的Ritz正则解的渐近阶估计

第一类算子方程的Ｒｉｔｚ正则解的渐近阶估计李荷秾（上海大学理学院数学系，２０００７２，上海）本文利用ＲｉｔＺ正则化方法求解第一类算子方程．当算子以及方程右端皆近似已知时，给出正则化参数的一种选择方法，并给出正则解的收敛性和渐近阶估计．当算子精确给定，...     

Microstructure and properties of pure iron/copper composite cladding layers on carbon steel

In the present study, pure iron/copper composite metal cladding was deposited onto carbon steel by tungsten inert gas welding. The study focused on interfacial morphological, microstructural, and mechanical analyses of the composite cladding layers. Iron liquid–solid-phase zones were formed at copper/steel and iron interfaces because of the melting of the steel substrate and iron. Iron concentrated in the copper cladding layer was observed to exhibit belt, globule, and dendrite morphologies. The appearance of iron-rich globules indicated the occurrence of liquid phase separation (LPS) prior to solidification, and iron-rich dendrites crystallized without the occurrence of LPS. The maximum microhardness of the iron/steel interface was lower than that of the copper/steel interface because of the diffusion of elemental carbon. All samples fractured in the cladding layers. Because of a relatively lower strength of the copper layer, a short plateau region appeared when shear movement was from copper to iron.     

Oxidation behavior of high-strength FeCrAl alloys in a high-temperature supercritical carbon dioxide environment

The oxidation behavior of three high-strength FeCrAl alloys was investigated in supercritical carbon dioxide environment at 650 ℃. After exposure for 500 h, the weight gains of the FeCrAl alloys gradually decreased with increasing Al content. The oxide scales are primarily composed of α-Al_2O_3 and spinel oxides. With increasing Al content, the amount of α-Al_2O_3 increases and the C content decreased in the oxide scale and sub-scale matrix.Moreover, larger(Nb,Mo)C carbides formed in the sub-scale matrix and their number decreased with the increase of Al content.     

A novel non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on Co:ZnO modified electrodes

There is currently intense interest in the use of nanoparticles for a wide range of biomedical and technological applications. In this paper, the hierarchical Co doped ZnO nanoflowers were synthesized by a facile wet chemical method and explored as biosensing material. The as-modified novel hydrogen peroxide sensor exhibited a wide linear range(0.25–20 mM), highly reproducible response(R.S.D. of 2.7%) and long-term stability. The doping Co~(2+)ions carried out the oxidations rapidly and efficiently for the catalysis of hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2). A high activity toward H_2O_2 in the presence of ascorbic acid(AA) and NaNO_2, which are only common for natural enzymes, has also been demonstrated. The good analytical performance, low cost and straightforward preparation method makes this doped semiconductor promising for a wide range of potential applications in medicine, biotechnology and environmental chemistry.     

Synthesis and characterization of Co<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> prepared from atmospheric pressure acid leach liquors of nickel laterite ores

A chemical precipitation-thermal decomposition method was developed to synthesize Co₃O₄ nanoparticles using cobalt liquor obtained from the atmospheric pressure acid leaching process of nickel laterite ores. The effects of the precursor reaction temperature, the concentration of Co2+, and the calcination temperature on the specific surface area, morphology, and the electrochemical behavior of the obtained Co₃O₄ particles were investigated. The precursor basic cobaltous carbonate and cobaltosic oxide products were characterized and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area analysis, and electrochemical analysis. The results indicate that the specific surface area of the Co₃O₄ particles with a diameter of 30 nm, which were obtained under the optimum conditions of a precursor reaction temperature of 30℃, 0.25 mol/L Co2+, and a calcination temperature of 350℃, was 48.89 m2/g. Electrodes fabricated using Co₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibited good electrochemical properties, with a specific capacitance of 216.3 F/g at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.     

Effcient generation of multi-photon W states by joint-measurement

We propose an effcient scheme to generate multi-photon entangled W state from two-qubit Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen pairs by measurements and follow-up local transformation. We discuss the efflciency of the scheme under realistic conditions, and its implementation using current technology.