LETTER TO CSB

From new experiments in our laboratory, we found out thatwe need to make the following corrections in one of our paperspublished in your journal, namely, Novel method for accuratedetermination of the orientational angle of interfacial chemicalgroups, by Lǖ Rong, Gan Wei and Wang Hongfei, Chin. Sci.Bull., 2003, 48(20): 2183—2187.     

Identification of genes induced during Medicago sativa nodule development by using the cDNA-AFLP technique

Under limited nitrogen conditions, rhizobia are ableto induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on their leguminous plant host. This organogenetic process is triggered by a complex exchange of molecu- lar signals between the host plant and bac…     

Chang＇E-1 orbiter discovers a lunar nearside volcano： YUTU Mountain

In the day time of the Moon surface, the strong illumination from high altitude and high albedo rate radical craters will introduce the illumination effect on observing the nearby low altitude, low albedo rate and shallow small slop rate area seriously, and even can ＂hide＂ the later area from the light. Based on the lunar global topography model obtained by Chang＇E-1 mission, and by comparing with the lunar gravity model, a volcano named ＂YUTU Mountain＂ has been identified. It is a volcano with diameter of -300 km and height of -2 km located at （14°N, 308°E） in Oceanus ProceUarum. Besides, the DEM of another volcano named ＂GUISHU Mountain＂ in the same area has been improved. This new discovery will benefit the study of lunar magmatism and volcanism evolution in the nearside of the Moon.     

三种不育剂对山楂叶螨的不育效应

为了有效防治山楂叶螨（Tetranychus viennensis),以喷蒸馏水为对照,配制3种不育剂（MSA,CSⅡ,MSC）对山楂叶螨进行不育效应的室内试验,MSA,CSⅡ,MSC的试验浓度（3个重复）分别是0．2％,0．5％,1．0％;0．4％,0．8％,1．2％,1倍原液,2倍原液,原液,喷不良剂后,每天对产卵,卵的孵化,交尾,寿命等观察和记载,持续3个月,结果表明,以0．8％的CSⅡ可湿性粉剂喷雾使用为最好,与对照相比,此浓度可将该叶螨的每雌产卵量（粒）,孵化率（％）及第2代,雄蠕数量（头）降低,分别为7．17,3．66,1．00和0．50;对照组为73．3,84．06,32．00和70．67。     

Fluorite Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ porous layer coating to enhance the oxygen permeation behavior of a BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ mixed conductor

Fluorite Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-δ (SDC) nanopowder with a crystallite size of 15 nm was synthesized by a co-precipitation method. An SDC porous layer was coated onto a BaCo_0.7Fe_0.2Nb_0.1O_3-δ (BCFN) mixed conductor to improve its oxygen transport behavior. The results show that the SDC-coated BCFN membrane exhibits a remarkably higher oxygen permeation flux (J_O2) than the uncoated BCFN in the partial oxidation of coke oven gas (COG). The maximum (J_O2) value of the SDC-coated BCFN is 18.28 mL·min-1·cm-2 under a COG/air flux of 177 mL·min-1/353 mL·min-1 at 875℃ when the thickness of the BCFN membrane is 1 mm; this (J_O2) value is 23% higher than that of the uncoated BCFN membrane. This enhancement is likely because of the higher oxygen ionic conductivity of SDC, which supplies oxygen vacancies and accelerates oxygen exchange on the membrane/coating layer/gas three-phase boundary.     

Dynamic crack growth in a fiber-reinforced composite plate

The dynamic fracture process of fiber-reinforced com-posite materials due to impact loading is a complex me-chanical phenomenon. There have been much profound researches by means of theoretical analysis, experiment and numerical simulation[1,2]. But most of them focused on two aspects: the orientation of dynamic crack growth is either parallel to the fiber direction, or along a bimaterial interface of two fiber-reinforced composites. They simply assumed the mechanical model of fiber-reinforced…     

DESIGN METHODOLOGY OF NETWORKED SOFTWARE EVOLUTION GROWTH BASED ON SOFTWARE PATTERNS

Recently,some new characteristics of complex networks attract the attentions of scientistsin different fields,and lead to many kinds of emerging research directions.So far,most of the researchwork has been limited in discovery of complex network characteristics by structure analysis in large-scalesoftware systems.This paper presents the theoretical basis,design method,algorithms and experiment results ofthe research.It firstly emphasizes the significance of design method of evolution growth for networktopology of Object Oriented(OO)software systems,and argues that.the selection and modulationof network models with various topology characteristics will bring un-ignorable effect on the processof design and implementation of OO software systems.Then we analyze the similar discipline of“negation of negation and compromise”between the evolution of network models with different topologycharacteristics and the development of software modelling methods.According to the analysis of thegrowth features of software patterns,we propose an object-oriented software network evolution growthmethod and its algorithms in succession.In addition,we also propose the parameter systems for OOsoftware system metrics based on complex network theory.Based on these parameter systems,it cananalyze the features of various nodes,links and local-world,modulate the network topology and guidethe software metrics.All these can be helpful to the detailed design,implementation and performanceanalysis.Finally.we focus on the application of the evolution algorithms and demonstrate it by a casestudy.Comparing the results from our early experiments with methodologies in empirical software engi-neering,we believe that the proposed software engineering design method is a computational softwareengineering approach based on complex network theory.We argue that this method should be greatlybeneficial for the design,implementation,modulation and metrics of functionality,structure and per-formance in large-scale OO software complex system.     

Unravelling angiosperm genome evolution by phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal duplication events

Conservation of gene order in vertebrates is evident after hundreds of millions of years of divergence, but comparisons of the Arabidopsis thaliana sequence to partial gene orders of other angiosperms (flowering plants) sharing common ancestry approximately 170-235 million years ago yield conflicting results. This difference may be largely due to the propensity of angiosperms to undergo chromosomal duplication ('polyploidization') and subsequent gene loss ('diploidization'); these evolutionary mechanisms have profound consequences for comparative biology. Here we integrate a phylogenetic approach (relating chromosomal duplications to the tree of life) with a genomic approach (mitigating information lost to diploidization) to show that a genome-wide duplication post-dates the divergence of Arabidopsis from most dicots. We also show that an inferred ancestral gene order for Arabidopsis reveals more synteny with other dicots (exemplified by cotton), and that additional, more ancient duplication events affect more distant taxonomic comparisons. By using partial sequence data for many diverse taxa to better relate the evolutionary history of completely sequenced genomes to the tree of life, we foster comparative approaches to the study of genome organization, consequences of polyploidy, and the molecular basis of quantitative traits.     

Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogrammed from somatic cells with defined factors, hold great promise for regenerative medicine as the renewable source of autologous cells. Whereas it has been generally assumed that these autologous cells should be immune-tolerated by the recipient from whom the iPSCs are derived, their immunogenicity has not been vigorously examined. We show here that, whereas embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from inbred C57BL/6 (B6) mice can efficiently form teratomas in B6 mice without any evident immune rejection, the allogeneic ESCs from 129/SvJ mice fail to form teratomas in B6 mice due to rapid rejection by recipients. B6 mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were reprogrammed into iPSCs by either retroviral approach (ViPSCs) or a novel episomal approach (EiPSCs) that causes no genomic integration. In contrast to B6 ESCs, teratomas formed by B6 ViPSCs were mostly immune-rejected by B6 recipients. In addition, the majority of teratomas formed by B6 EiPSCs were immunogenic in B6 mice with T cell infiltration, and apparent tissue damage and regression were observed in a small fraction of teratomas. Global gene expression analysis of teratomas formed by B6 ESCs and EiPSCs revealed a number of genes frequently overexpressed in teratomas derived from EiPSCs, and several such gene products were shown to contribute directly to the immunogenicity of the B6 EiPSC-derived cells in B6 mice. These findings indicate that, in contrast to derivatives of ESCs, abnormal gene expression in some cells differentiated from iPSCs can induce T-cell-dependent immune response in syngeneic recipients. Therefore, the immunogenicity of therapeutically valuable cells derived from patient-specific iPSCs should be evaluated before any clinic application of these autologous cells into the patients.