特定制动工况下肌肉主动力对颈部损伤的影响

为研究特定制动工况下颈部肌肉主动力对人体颈部损伤的影响,建立了一个包含颈部详细几何结构并且具有肌肉主被动响应能力的混合假人有限元模型. 以特定制动工况加速度作为输入,研究当假人颈部肌肉分别处于放松和预先紧张状态下并佩戴某头盔时,颈部的运动学以及生物力学响应. 结果表明：在制动开始前,预先紧张颈部肌肉使头部质心水平加速度、头部相对T1胸椎水平位移以及转角3个运动学参数的峰值下降20%以上,导致颈部在整个运动过程中表现出了更好的稳定性. 从生物力学的角度来说,预先紧张颈部肌肉使得椎骨以及椎间盘最大米塞斯应力分别降低了36.95%和48.20%;颈部损伤评价指标Nij值降低25.06%,降低了乘员在该制动工况下颈部受伤的风险.     

高钙粉煤灰制备低导热高强度陶瓷材料及其表征

从泰国Mae Moh发电厂收集的高钙粉煤灰（HCFA）被用作陶瓷生产的原料。X射线荧光表征下HCFA主要成分为28.55wt% SiO₂、16.06wt% Al₂O₃、23.40wt% CaO和17.03wt% Fe₂O₃。由于钙质和铁质含量比例较高,使用HCFA替代钾长石,用量为10wt%–40wt%。研究了替代高钙粉煤灰（0–40wt%）和烧结温度（1000–1200°C）对陶瓷基材料的物理、机械和热性能的影响。结果表明,加入适量的HCFA可以提高陶瓷样品的致密化程度和强度,降低陶瓷样品的导热系数。粉煤灰中高比例的钙质和铁质成分促进了陶瓷样品的玻璃化行为。研究结果说明,在最佳粉煤灰含量和烧结温度下,液相的形成促进了致密化。此外,这些组分还促进了更丰富的莫来石形成,从而提高了陶瓷样品的弯曲强度。在1150–1200°C烧结温度下,添加10wt%–30wt%的粉煤灰,可获得最佳陶瓷性能。在 1200°C、 吸水率几乎为零（0.03%）时,添加粉煤灰10wt%–30wt%（PSW-FA(10)–(30)）的FA陶瓷样品的最大弯曲强度在92.25–94.71 MPa范围内。就隔热材料而言,粉煤灰添加量的增加对热导率有积极的影响,这是因为陶瓷FA样品内部无机分解反应产生的气体产生了更高的孔隙度。在1150°C烧结的陶瓷样品中添加20wt%–40wt%的高钙粉煤灰可将热导率降低14.78%–49.25%,同时保持可接受的弯曲强度值（~45.67–87.62 MPa）。基于其表现出良好的机械和热性能,利用这种高钙粉煤灰作为粘土成分的替代原料制造瓷砖是可行的。     

编者按:《氢冶金专刊》

双碳战略正在推动传统冶金行业进行转型升级,冶金行业的高质量和低碳化改革势在必行。氢气作为21世纪的清洁能源,其具有从源头上实现低碳冶金的潜力,目前全球冶金工业已经将“氢冶金”作为未来发展的目标。近年来,以钢铁为代表的传统冶金工艺在富氢冶炼以及氢冶金新工艺方面均得到了快速发展,标志着冶金工业在低碳转型的道路上正在飞速前进。为庆祝北京科技大学成立70周年和加快冶金行业在低碳发展方向的脚步,《矿物冶金与材料学报（英文版）》期刊特此出版“氢冶金”专刊。来自包括德国马普所、日本九州大学在内的世界顶尖大学或研究院所的专家学者受邀分享了他们在“氢冶金”研究方面的进展和展望。专刊共收录了12篇论文,包括1篇等离子氢冶金综述及11篇研究论文。所有论文主要围绕传统炼铁流程富氢冶炼、氢基直接还原炼铁以及等离子氢冶金三个方向。其中,包括高炉富氢冶炼后铁矿石和焦炭的行为变化研究、流化床富氢冶炼物理化学研究、富氢直接还原过程球团矿的还原机理研究以及等离子氢冶金新工艺在铁冶炼中的应用。专刊收录论文覆盖范围全面,从传统冶金工艺的创新到富氢冶金新工艺的开发,涉及了目前氢冶金方面较为热点的研究方向。本专刊客座主编希望通过本期论文,为从事“氢冶金”研究方向的学者们提供一个全面交流的机会,以促进“氢冶金”工艺及技术的发展,早日完成碳中和的伟大目标。我们衷心感谢所有作者和审稿人对本期专刊的奉献和大力支持。     

A molecular cryptography model based on structures of DNA self-assembly

With the progress of DNA computing, DNA- based cryptography becomes an emerging interdisciplinary research field. In this paper, we present a novel DNA cryptography that takes advantage of DNA self assembled structure. Making use of the toehold strands recognition and strand displacement, the bit-wise exclusive-or （XOR） operation is carried out to fulfill the information encryption and decryption in the form of a one-time-pad. The security of this system mainly comes from the physical isolation and specificity of DNA molecules. The system is con- structed by using complex DNA self-assembly, in which technique of fluorescent detection is utilized to implement the signal processing. In the proposed DNA cryptography, the XOR operation at each bit is carried out individually, thus the encryption and decryption process could be con- ducted in a massive, parallel way. This work may dem- onstrate that DNA cryptography has the great potential applications in the field of inRwmation security.     

Plant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions of stone knives from the Lajia site,northwestern China

A large number of stone knives have been recovered from Neolithic archaeological sites in East Asia. However, direct evidence regarding the functions of the stone knives has been scarce, and hence, their functions have remained controversial. In this study, we recovered and analysed ancient starch grains and phytoliths from residues adhering to stone knives excavated from the Lajia site, Qinghai Province, northwest China, thus providing direct evidence for the functions of the knives. Our anal- yses were based on the following： （1） an assemblage of 278 identifiable starch grains, representing grains from the stems of foxtail millet （Setaria italica） and broomcorn millet （Panicum miliaceum） （65.1% of the total） and the stems of Hordeum and Triticum species （3.6 % of the total）, and （2） an assemblage of 361 identifiable phytoliths, the majority of which were from the stems and leaves of plants such as Panicoideae and related taxa （96 % of the total）. Our study demonstrates that one of the functions of the stone knives was the harvesting crops. In addition, a few starch grains from food legumes and roots （3.4 % of the total） indicate that the stone knives were also likely used to process, peel and cut some foods.     

Synthesis and characterization of cerium sulfide thin film

Cerium sulfide(Cex Sy)polycrystalline thin film is coated with chemical bath deposition on substrates(commercial glass).Transmittance,absorption,optical band gap and refractive index are examined by using UV/VIS.Spectrum.The hexagonal form is observed in the structural properties in XRD.The structural and optical properties of cerium sulfide thin films are analyzed at different p H.SEM and EDX analyses are made for surface analysis and elemental ratio in films.It is observed that some properties of films changed with different p H values.In this study,the focus is on the observed changes in the properties of films.The p H values were scanned at 6–10.The optical band gap changed with p H between 3.40 to 3.60 e V.In addition,the film thickness changed with p H at 411 nm to 880 nm.     

Corrosion study of resorbable Ca60Mg15Zn25 bulk metallic glasses in physiological fluids

The corrosion activity of amorphous plates of Ca_(60)Mg_(15)Zn_(25)alloy was investigated.The biocompatible elements were selected for the alloy composition.The electrochemical corrosion and immersion tests were carried out in a multi-electrolyte fluid and Ringer's solution.Better corrosion behavior was observed for the samples tested in a multi-electrolyte fluid despite the active dissolution of Ca and Mg in Ringer's solution.The experimental results indicated that reducing concentration of NaCl from 8.6 g/dm~3for Ringer's solution to 5.75 g/dm~3caused the decrease of the corrosion rate.The volume of the hydrogen evolved after 480 min in Ringer's solution(40.1 ml/cm~2)was higher in comparison with that obtained in a multi-electrolyte fluid(24.4 ml/cm~2).The values of opencircuit potential(E_(OCP))for the Ca_(60)Mg_(15)Zn_(25)glass after 1 h incubation in Ringer's solution and a multielectrolyte fluid were determined to be-1553 and-1536 m V vs.a saturated calomel electrode(SCE).The electrochemical measurements indicated a shift of the corrosion current density(j_(corr))from 1062μA/cm~2for the sample tested in Ringer's solution to 788μA/cm~2for the specimen immersed in a multi-electrolyte fluid.The corrosion products analysis was conducted by using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The corrosion products were identified to be CaCO_3,Mg(OH)_2,CaO,MgO and Zn O.The mechanism of corrosion process was proposed and described based on the microscopic observations.The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)also indicated that Ca(OH)_2,CaCO_3,Zn(OH)_2and Ca(Zn(OH)_3)_2·2H_2O mainly formed on the surface of the studied alloy.     

Influences of synthesis methods and modifier addition on the properties of Ni-based catalysts supported on reticulated ceramic foams

A method of synthesizing Ni-based catalysts supported on α-Al₂O₃-based foams was developed. The foams were impregnated with aqueous solutions of metal chlorides under an air atmosphere using an aerosol route. Separate procedures involved calcination to form oxides and drying to obtain chlorides on the foam surface. The synthesized samples were subsequently reduced with hydrogen. With respect to the Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts, the chloride reduction route enabled the formation of a Ni coating without agglomerates or cracks. Further research included catalyst modification by the addition of Pd, Cu, and Fe. The influences of the additives on the degree of reduction and on the low-temperature reduction effectiveness (533 and 633 K) were examined and compared for the catalysts obtained from oxides and chlorides. Greater degrees of reduction were achieved with chlorides, whereas Pd was the most effective modifier among those investigated. The reduction process was nearly complete at 533 K in the sample that contained 0.1wt% Pd. A lower reduction temperature was utilized, and the calcination step was avoided, which may enhance the economical and technological aspects of the developed catalyst production method.     

Prognosis of residual coal gas capacity made by the ‘Express’ method

An easy, reliable, and inexpensive method, called ‘Express’ method, was described to determine the residual gas capacity of deep mines using results from an air and gas balance. Air and gas balances are common elements of mine management and must be performed periodically. Using the process described here to obtain balance results, it is straightforward to obtain the residual gas capacity, which is an important parameter for decision-making in current mine operations. After a mine is closed, the residual gas capacity becomes a dominant factor used to select methods to protect against gas emissions from the closed underground area or perhaps to provide information for the use of gas reserves. The proposed ‘Express’ method is a much simpler method to obtain the residual gas capacity than other procedures used for this purpose to date.