Preface

正Materials have been playing a role of solid carrier for the advance of human civilization and representing the development level of human productive forces.Human society makes unceasing progress from the Stone Age,Neolithic Age,Bronze Age,Iron Age,to the present information society and times for electronic and various functional materials.All the advances of science and     

Direct Urca processes involving hyperons in neutron star matter

The presence of the isovector scalar interaction in neutron star matter is considered by exchangingδmeson;we study the effects ofδmesons on the direct Urca processes involving hyperons.The calculation is based on the framework of the relativistic mean field theory.By our analysis,the hyperon direct Urca processes under beta equilibrium are open at lower densities due toδmesons,which create a larger energy gap between two baryons in the reactions.Theδmeson leads to an obvious enhancement of the neutrino emissivity for the hyperon direct Urca processes.In particular,the relativistic neutrino emissivity is found to be substantially larger than predicted in the nonrelativistic approach whetherδmesons appear in an neutron star or not.In our results,δmesons not only change the baryons properties,but also result in more rapid cooling rate of neutron stars by hyperon direct Urca processes.     

变频空调多变量模糊控制

家用变频空调蒸发压缩循环各反馈回路存在强耦合,使得传统的基于模型的控制器和解耦模糊控制器控制性能受到限制.提出一种非模型多变量模糊控制器,调节蒸发压缩循环的蒸发温度和过热度以改善其控制性能. 实验结果表明所提出的MFC能有效提高系统性能和改善能效,且该控制器设计和实现简单方便.     

Application of multi-scale feature extraction to surface defect classification of hot-rolled steels

Feature extraction is essential to the classification of surface defect images. The defects of hot-rolled steels distribute in different directions. Therefore, the methods of multi-scale geometric analysis (MGA) were employed to decompose the image into several directional subbands at several scales. Then, the statistical features of each subband were calculated to produce a high-dimensional feature vector, which was reduced to a lower-dimensional vector by graph embedding algorithms. Finally, support vector machine (SVM) was used for defect classification. The multi-scale feature extraction method was implemented via curvelet transform and kernel locality preserving projections (KLPP). Experiment results show that the proposed method is effective for classifying the surface defects of hot-rolled steels and the total classification rate is up to 97.33%.     

Characterization of 17-4PH stainless steel powders produced by supersonic gas atomization

17-4PH stainless steel powders were prepared using a supersonic nozzle in a close-coupled gas atomization system. The characteristics of powder particles were carried out by means of a laser particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The results show that the mass median particle diameter is about 19.15 μm. Three main types of surface microstructures are observed in the powders:well-developed dendrite, cellular, and cellular dendrite structure. The XRD measurements show that, as the particle size decreases, the amount of fcc phase gradually decreases and that of bcc phase increases. The cooling rate is inversely related to the particle size, i.e., it decreases with an increase in particle size.     

Left-handed properties of a composite structure with metallic wires in a homogeneous Lorentz medium

The electromagnetic properties of a composite structure with metallic wires in a Lorentz medium were studied. The results show that the electromagnetic properties of the medium host influence the plasma resonance of metallic wires and the left-handed character of the composite. The plasma frequency of metallic wires reduces with the rise of permittivity or permeability of the medium host. Also, the negative permeability of the medium can destroy the wires' plasma resonance and prevent the realization of left-handed properties. The high loss of medium permittivity or permeability also inhibits the metallic plasma resonance. The negative influence of the media host on the left-handed properties of the composite structure can be effectively reduced by proper structure design, such as introducing a nonmagnetic medium in the host or using an anisotropic medium.     

Processing of refractory materials using various magnesium sources derived from Zinelbulak talc-magnesite

Magnesia (MgO) is widely used in the production of refractory materials due to its high melting point, high thermal shock, and excellent slag resistance. The properties of refractory materials depend upon magnesia sources and processing parameters. In this work, three different magnesium sources, namely, magnesium hydroxide concentrate, magnesium carbonate concentrate, and intermediate flotation concentrate, were obtained from the Zinelbulak talc-magnesite, Uzbekistan, by causticization-hydration and flotation processes, respectively. A series of refractory materials were prepared on the basis of these magnesium sources, and their effects on physico-mechanical properties and microstructures were investigated as a function of sintering temperature, molding pressure, and the particle size of magnesium sources. The experimental results showed that a refractory material obtained from the magnesium hydroxide concentrate at 1600℃ for 4 h demonstrated favorable parameters due mainly to a higher degree of contact among fine particles. The results obtained from X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy confirmed the presence of periclase and forsterite as the predominant phases in refractory specimens. The prepared refractory materials meet the requirements of the State Standards (Nos.4689-94 and 14832-96) for magnesia and forsterite refractories, respectively. It is, therefore, suggested herein that the use of different magnesium sources derived from the Zinelbulak talc-magnesite will offer the potential to provide economic benefits in the refractory industry.     

As-cast structure of DC casting 7075 aluminum alloy obtained under dual-frequency electromagnetic field

We have experimentally determined the as-cast structures of semi-continuous casting 7075 aluminum alloy obtained in the presence of dual-frequency electromagnetic field. Results suggest that the use of dual-frequency electromagnetic field during the semi-continuous casting process of 7075 aluminum alloy ingots reduces the thickness of the surface segregation layer, increases the height of the melt meniscus, enhances the surface quality of the ingot, and changes the surface morphology of the melt pool. Moreover, low-frequency electromagnetic field was found to show the most obvious influence on improving the as-cast structure because of its high permeability in conductors.     

Structural refinement of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel during single-stage intercritical tempering

The 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel was first tempered at 570–730℃ for 2 h to observe the microstructure and hardness changes. The tempering temperature was set to 600, 650, and 700℃, which is below, equal to, and above the austenite transformation start temperature, respectively, for each holding period to investigate the effects of tempering time on the structure and properties of the steel. The microstructure of the specimens was examined by optical microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy, and the phase composition was detected by X-ray diffraction. As expected, lath refinement was observed in the steel tempered at 700℃, and the refinement degree significantly depended on the tempering time. Contrary to normal steel softening by tempering, the hardness performance of the steel was significantly enhanced primarily because of the refinement of martensite laths after single-stage intercritical tempering. It is believed that the reverse transformation of martensite (α′) to austenite (γ) is responsible for the refinement.     

Wild-type microglia arrest pathology in a mouse model of Rett syndrome

Rett syndrome is an X-linked autism spectrum disorder. The disease is characterized in most cases by mutation of the MECP2 gene, which encodes a methyl-CpG-binding protein. Although MECP2 is expressed in many tissues, the disease is generally attributed to a primary neuronal dysfunction. However, as shown recently, glia, specifically astrocytes, also contribute to Rett pathophysiology. Here we examine the role of another form of glia, microglia, in a murine model of Rett syndrome. Transplantation of wild-type bone marrow into irradiation-conditioned Mecp2-null hosts resulted in engraftment of brain parenchyma by bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells of microglial phenotype, and arrest of disease development. However, when cranial irradiation was blocked by lead shield, and microglial engraftment was prevented, disease was not arrested. Similarly, targeted expression of MECP2 in myeloid cells, driven by Lysm(cre) on an Mecp2-null background, markedly attenuated disease symptoms. Thus, through multiple approaches, wild-type Mecp2-expressing microglia within the context of an Mecp2-null male mouse arrested numerous facets of disease pathology: lifespan was increased, breathing patterns were normalized, apnoeas were reduced, body weight was increased to near that of wild type, and locomotor activity was improved. Mecp2(+/-) females also showed significant improvements as a result of wild-type microglial engraftment. These benefits mediated by wild-type microglia, however, were diminished when phagocytic activity was inhibited pharmacologically by using annexin V to block phosphatydilserine residues on apoptotic targets, thus preventing recognition and engulfment by tissue-resident phagocytes. These results suggest the importance of microglial phagocytic activity in Rett syndrome. Our data implicate microglia as major players in the pathophysiology of this devastating disorder, and suggest that bone marrow transplantation might offer a feasible therapeutic approach for it.