Numerical Modeling of NO Formation during Packed-bed Combustion of Coke Granules

A comprehensive kinetic model of NO formation during coke combustion in packed-bed in presence of noncombustible particles was developed. The detailed homogeneous gas-phase chemistry (including 102 chemical reactions), heterogeneous gas-solid chemistry (including 11 reactions) of coke combustion and NO formation, and the heat and mass transfer were taken into account in the present model. The governing equations which are strongly coupled, non-linear and unsteady with 26 unknowns in total, were dispersed into differential equations with the finite differential method. Meanwhile, all the differential equations were numerically solved to give the time-histories and space-distributions oftemperatures of the bed and gas phase as well as the concentrations of all the gaseous species. By comparison, the experimental data were explained well by the calculated results. Based on the kinetic and mathematical model, the effects of O₂ content of inlet gas, the initial chemical analysis of coke, bed-temperature and local reductive atmosphere (CO/O₂) on NO formation during packed-bed coke combustion were numerically discussed. It was found that coke samples with a higher initial content of [N] and volatile matters, combusted under a suitable O₂-containing atmosphere produced less NO emission. The reactions between CO and NO, catalyzed by high temperature surface of coke particles may be responsible for efficient reduction of NO.     

Possibility of Reducing Formations of NOx and SO2 Simultaneously during Coal Combustion

Comparing with other NO_x and SO₂ control technologies, in-bed reducing NO_x and SO₂ simultaneously during coal combustion may lower the investment and operation cost. However, there are several possible contradictions between the reduction of NO_x and the capture of SO₂ during combustion: 1) CO rich atmosphere is favorable for the reduction of NO_x, whereas O_2 rich favorable for the capture of SO₂; 2) higher preheating temperature of coal is favorable for reducing NO_x, but unfavorable for reducing SO₂; 3) sulphation of some minerals may deactivate their catalytic effect on the reduction of NO_x. The attempts to eliminate such contradictions by coating coal granules with thin layer of monometallic oxides and mixed oxides were proposed. Ni₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ showed high activity on NO_x reduction and CaO and Cr₂O₃ showed good effect on sulfur capture. The mixed metallic oxides, e.g., Fe₂O₃NiO, etc., showed effective for both NO_x reduction and SO₂ retention. It is possible to in-bed reduce NO_x and SO₂ simultaneously if the adhering materials are properly chosen to be difunctional materials of both active catalysts for NO_x reduction reactions and better sorbents for SO₂ retention.     

Fabrication of W/Cu and Mo/Cu FGM as Plasma-facing Materials

W/Cu Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) was designed not only for reducing the thermal stress caused by the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients, but also for combining the features of W, Mo-high plasma-erosion resistance and the advantages of Cu-high heat conductivity and ductility. Four different fabrication processes for W/Cu or Mo/Cu, including hot-pressing, Cu infiltration of sintered porosity-graded W skeleton, spark plasma sintering and plasma spraying, were investigated and compared. It was found that the hot-pressing process is difficult to keep the designed composition gradient, while the other three processes are successful in making W/Cu or Mo/Cu FGM. Meanwhile, microstructures and composition gradients are analyzed with SEM and EDAX.     

Research on flow stress in ferrite deformation of a Ti-IF steel

The experiments of the ferrite warm deformation of ultra-low carbon (ULC) Ti-IF steel were carried out on a hot simulator and the influences of deformation temperature, strain, and strain rate on the flow stress were analyzed. New flow stress models suitable to ferrite warm forming of Ti-IF steel were given on the basis of analyzing the influence of deformation technology parameters on the flow stress.     

Intelligent Multilevel Knowledge Acquisition System for Product Design and Its Implementation

The characteristics of design process, design object and domain knowledge of complex product are analyzed. A kind of knowledge representation schema based o n integrated generalized rule is stated. An AND-OR tree based model of concept f or domain knowledge is set up. The strategy of multilevel domain knowledge acqui sition based on the model is presented. The intelligent multilevel knowledge acq uisition system (IMKAS) for product design is developed, and it is applied in th e intelligent decision support system of concept design of complex product.     

Relationship among wear-resistance of three-body abrasion,substructure and property in martensite steels

The effects of subsurface hardness on wear-resistance of martensitic steel 20Cr, 40CrSi, 60Mn, T8 and T10 in three-body abrasion under static load was investigated. It shows that the characteristic ofthe subsurface hardness distribution and the abrasive wear resistanceis related to the substructure near the worn surface. The substructure of the tested martensite steel has an apparent relationship with thecarbon content and steels with moderate carbon content and hardness exhibit good resistance to abrasive wear. The competition of the work-hardening effect and the temper softening effect, which resulted from deformation and friction heat generating during abrasive wear is considered to be a main reason for the relation among wear-resistance, hardness and substructure. At the test conditions, the wear-resistance of 40CrSi is the best.     

A new acid pickling process for copper alloys

The cleaning process of removing oxides on the surface of copper alloy sheets was investigated systematically. Through optimizing, a perfect process was selected that is fit for removing oxides on the surface. By acid pickling, all kinds of copper oxides are removed completely, furthermore, no poisonous gases are given out and a smooth and clean surface of copper alloys is obtained. At present, the process is applied successfully in the copper-processing industry.     

Surface-particle-emulsion heat transfer model between fluidized bed and horizontal immersed tube

A mathematical model, surface-particle-emulsion heat transfer model, is presented by considering voidage variance in emulsion in the vicinity of an immersed surface. Heat transfer near the surface is treated by dispersed particles touching the surface and through the emulsion when the distance from the surface is greater than the diameter of a particle. A film with an adjustable thickness which separates particles from the surface is not introduced in this model.The coverage ratio of particles on the surface is calculated by a stochastic model of particle packing density on a surface. By comparison of theoretical solutions with experimental data from some references, the mathematical model shows better qualitative and quantitative prediction for local heat transfer coefficients around a horizontal immersed tube in a fluidized bed.     

Metallurgical quality of CSP thin slabs

The casting structure, chemical composition segregation, dendrite arm space, inclusiona and during the CSP (compact strip production) rolling process were investigated. The results show that the CSP thin slab has a feature of uniform fme grains, more columnar crystals, less central porosity and segregation etc. There is no great difference in macrostructure between the CSP thin slab and conventional slab; however, the fine dendrite structure of the CSP slab is more uniform. Moreover, the central porosity and segregation are obviously improved after the first pass; and the dendrite is bent along the rolling direction rather than broken into pieces.Small inclusions with the diameter less than 10 μm in the CSP slab are dominantly consisted of aluminates formed by Al deoxidation and Ca treatment and not floating out of the melt. The large size inclusions found in the continuous casting slab are very few.     

Daughter minerals in fluid inclusions of garnet and diopside from Tongguanshan Copper Deposit by SEM/EDS and LRM

Tongguanshan copper deposit of Tongling large ore belt is one of the typical skarn copper deposits. Based on careful observation under microscope many daughter minerals including transparent ones and opaque ones have been distinguished in the fluid inclusions of garnet and diopside. The results of SEM/EDS (scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrometer) and LRM (laser Raman microprobe) analysis show that these daughter minerals in garnet are sylvite, halite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and carbonate. Sylvite daughter mineral is very popular in garnet and diopside. The existence of so much sylvite daughter mineral and other daughter minerals in the fluid inclusions indicates that the ore-forming fluid is of supper-high salinity and high potassium concentration. High potassium concentration in the fluid inclusions agrees with K-rich mesotype-acid rock and K-silicate alteration that occurred widely in this area. The daughter mineral assemblage in garnet and diopside is similar to the mineral assemblage of oreforming stage that followed skarn stage.