Activation of old carbon by erosion of coastal and subsea permafrost in Arctic Siberia

The future trajectory of greenhouse gas concentrations depends on interactions between climate and the biogeosphere. Thawing of Arctic permafrost could release significant amounts of carbon into the atmosphere in this century. Ancient Ice Complex deposits outcropping along the ~7,000-kilometre-long coastline of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS), and associated shallow subsea permafrost, are two large pools of permafrost carbon, yet their vulnerabilities towards thawing and decomposition are largely unknown. Recent Arctic warming is stronger than has been predicted by several degrees, and is particularly pronounced over the coastal ESAS region. There is thus a pressing need to improve our understanding of the links between permafrost carbon and climate in this relatively inaccessible region. Here we show that extensive release of carbon from these Ice Complex deposits dominates (57?±?2 per cent) the sedimentary carbon budget of the ESAS, the world’s largest continental shelf, overwhelming the marine and topsoil terrestrial components. Inverse modelling of the dual-carbon isotope composition of organic carbon accumulating in ESAS surface sediments, using Monte Carlo simulations to account for uncertainties, suggests that 44?±?10 teragrams of old carbon is activated annually from Ice Complex permafrost, an order of magnitude more than has been suggested by previous studies. We estimate that about two-thirds (66?±?16 per cent) of this old carbon escapes to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, with the remainder being re-buried in shelf sediments. Thermal collapse and erosion of these carbon-rich Pleistocene coastline and seafloor deposits may accelerate with Arctic amplification of climate warming.     

一个有理差分方程解的存在性和稳定性

作者考虑了一个分母含有二次项的有理差分方程.应用线性化方程理论,作者证明了解的存在性和稳定性,并在一定条件下,证明了该方程所有的正解都收敛到唯一的正平衡点.所得结果证明了Sedaghat提出的一个猜想是正确的.     

刍议石油企业海外经营和财务风险及防范措施

随着中国海外投资的快速增长,面对瞬息万变的世界政治和世界经济,以及变化莫测的石油市场,海外石油经营风险也不断加大。因此,分析风险并构建相应的解决对策,已成为中国石油企业海外经营的当务之急。本文主要分析石油企业海外经营和财务风险及防范措施。     

基于改进KAZE特征的合成孔径雷达匹配算法

自主导航系统是高超声速飞行器自主控制性能的关键因素.合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统作为高超声速飞行器的关键导航设备,其获取的SAR图像受高超飞行器影响存在严重噪声干扰.在分析KAZE特征检测算法的基础上,针对KAZE算法计算复杂度高的问题,引入Fast Explicit Diffusion算法,设计了快速非线性尺度空间构建方法,并在此基础上提出了改进KAZE特征检测算法和基于改进KAZE算法的惯导/SAR组合导航景象匹配算法.通过仿真验证表明,提出的改进KAZE特征算法在保留KAZE算法噪声鲁棒性的同时,有效降低了KAZE算法的复杂度,其计算效率与SIFT算法相当,位置误差估计精度优于SIFT算法.     

微气泡减阻的数值模拟方法及尺寸效应

分别采用混合物模型、欧拉双流体模型和相群平衡模型对底部通气的二维平板微气泡减阻效果进行了模拟分析,探讨了气泡直径、喷气速度对微气泡减阻率的影响,并对其尺度效应进行研究.结果表明:减小气泡直径可以增加微气泡减阻率;在一定的范围内,减阻率随着喷气速度的增加而增大,但喷气速度过小或过大都将影响减阻效果;相群平衡模型比其他2种模型的数值模拟结果更接近于试验结果;由于物体尺寸增加所致的雷诺数增大在一定程度上会降低微气泡减阻率.     

The quasitriangular structures of biproduct bialgebra

If H is a bialgebra, B is a left H-module algebra and a left H-comodule coalgebra, the smash product algebra structure and the smash coproduct coalgebra [1]structure over BH can form a bialgebra in certain conditions [2],called biproduct and denoted by BH.We present the formulas of quasitrangular structure of biproduct if it contains a quasitrangular structure.We obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for such that it becomes a quasitriangular bialgebra.     

一种基于激光雷达和视觉的行人检测方法

针对一般城市环境的道路交通安全问题,提出了一种联合激光雷达和视觉的行人检测方法.利用激光雷达和摄像头坐标之间的透视变换关系,将环境的深度信息映射到图像中,并使用航位角推算方法同步激光雷达和摄像头,然后提取兴趣区域.在激光雷达聚类过程中,提出了一种基于行人宽度信息的目标分割方法,能有效分割并排行人.在基于视觉的行人检测中,首先根据行人边缘对称性的特点,预处理兴趣区域,然后采用基于Hausdorff距离的模板匹配方法,根据激光雷达的深度信息匹配行人上半身模板.实验结果表明,该方法可以取得较理想的效果.     

基于模糊故障树的燃料电池发动机氢安全

针对燃料电池发动机的安全可靠性,分析了氢安全和电安全的基本要求及其影响因素,重点从氢安全角度建立了以氢气泄露为顶事件的故障树模型.考虑到底事件和中间事件发生故障概率的模糊性和不确定性,将模糊数学和故障树分析法相结合,对底事件的故障概率进行模糊化并计算了顶事件发生的模糊概率;然后,采用模糊数中值法进行了各底事件的模糊重要度分析,找出了燃料电池发动机安全性的薄弱环节并提出了相关整改措施.研究结果表明,该方法较之传统故障树分析法实用、有效,对提高燃料电池发动机的可靠性与安全性设计具有指导作用.     

改进的引导式邻域搜索算法求解周期性车辆路径问题

在引导式邻域搜索算法静态惩罚策略的基础上,提出动态惩罚策略,设计改进的引导式邻域搜索算法,将其用于求解周期性车辆路径问题,采用标准算例进行数据实验,对动态与静态的惩罚策略进行对比.结果表明,采用改进的引导式邻域搜索算法求解周期性车辆路径问题可行有效.