Aerosol oxalate and its implication to haze pollution in Shanghai, China

A total of 238 samples of PM2.5and TSP were analyzed to study the characteristics,sources,and formation pathways of aerosol oxalate in Shanghai in four seasons of 2007.The concentrations of oxalate were0.07–0.41 lg/m3in PM2.5and 0.10–0.48 lg/m3in TSP,respectively.Oxalate displayed a seasonal variation of autumn[summer[winter[spring in both PM2.5and TSP and was dominantly present in PM2.5in all samples.Correlation between oxalate and K?and high ratio of oxalate/K?suggested that biomass burning was a secondary source of aerosol oxalate in Shanghai,in addition to urban VOCs sources(vehicular and industrial emissions),especially in autumn.Secondary formation accounted for the majority of aerosol oxalate in Shanghai,which was supported by the high correlation of oxalate with nssSO42-,K?and NO3-,proceeding from different mechanisms.Relatively high ambient RH together with high cloud cover was found benefiting the secondary formation of aerosol oxalate.The in-cloud process(aqueous-phase oxidation)was proposed to be likely the major formation pathway of aerosol oxalate in Shanghai,which was supported by the high correlation of oxalate with nss-SO42-and K?,dominant residence of oxalate in droplet mode and result of favorable meteorological condition analysis.High correlation of oxalate and NO3-reflected the OH radical involved oxidation chemistry of the two species in the atmosphere and also suggested that gas-particle surface reactions and the evaporation–condensation process were both possible secondary formation pathways of aerosol oxalate in coarser particle mode([1.0 lm).As a major water-soluble organic compound in aerosols,concentration of oxalate showed a distinct negative correlation to the atmospheric visibility,which implied that aerosol organic compounds could play an important role in haze pollution as well as in air quality in Shanghai.     

The East Asian winter monsoon: re-amplification in the mid-2000s

Based on several reanalysis and observational datasets,this study demonstrates that the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM)recovered from its weak epoch and reamplified in the mid-2000s.Accordingly,East Asia has experienced more cold winters and significant negative surface air temperature anomalies during the recent strong EAWM epoch spanning the period 2004–2012.The associated cooling was mainly located over inland northern East Asia with a west–east orientation.The cooling generally coincided with negative winter temperature trends in eastern Eurasia in the last two decades,possibly contributing to the observed regional cooling trend when the global mean temperature is still trending up.Enhanced wintertime blocking activity around the Ural mountain region and diminished Arctic sea ice concentration in the previous September are suggested to be the responsible internal atmospheric process and external driver for the recent re-amplification of the EAWM,respectively.     

Os isotopic evidence for a carbonaceous chondritic mantle source for the Nagqu ophiolite from Tibet and its implications

Early-crystallizing chromian spinel(Cr-spinel) in the Nagqu ophiolite has high Os and low Re contents,and it is resistant to alteration during serpentinization,weathering and metamorphism.The chemical composition of primitive magma is preserved in Cr-spinel,which makes it suitable for determining the initial Os-isotope composition of the mantle source.This study presents Cr-spinel Os isotopes and zircon U-Pb ages for cumulate dunite and gabbro,respectively,in the same cumulate section of the ophiolite at Nagqu in Tibet.The results shed light on the formation and evolution of lithospheric mantle.The Nagqu ophiolite is located in the central part of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone.It is a remnant of the Neotethyan oceanic crust,and contains cumulate dunite and gabbro.Zircon from the gabbro yielded a weighted mean 206 Pb/238 U age of 183.7±1 Ma.Cr-spinel exhibits Os values of 0.2 to 0.3,suggesting that the mantle source for the dunite is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites.Thus,the Tibetan lithosphere is primarily a relic of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere,which has formed by the transformation of the normal asthenospheric mantle in the Mesozoic.This is the first study to combine the spinel Os isotopes with accurate zircon U-Pb ages to constrain the geochemical characteristics of the mantle source for the ophiolite.     

摸清黑客套路 防范木马侵入

很多朋友都听说过木马程序，总觉得它很神秘、很高难，但事实上随着木马软件的智能化。很多骇客都能轻松达到攻击的目的．     

A small but important step to enhance groundwater research in China

Sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Chinese Science Bulletin (CSB) is one of the well-known comprehensive academic journals of wide impacts in the field of natural sciences in China. Groundwater research     

熔盐电解法制备PPy/3R-MoS2纳米片及对U(VI)吸附效果的研究

为提高水溶液中铀的分离能力,本文采用熔盐电解法制备3R-MoS₂纳米片,并用聚吡咯(PPy)对其进行改性,采用水热法合成了复合纳米吸附剂(PPy/3R-MoS₂)。在700 K温度下,以Mo丝为阴极,C棒为阳极,调节恒电流电位仪电流大小为2 A,对KCl–NaCl–Na₂MoO₄–KSCN熔盐体系进行恒电流电解1 h。待电解产物冷却至室温后,用去离子水洗涤过滤,在60℃下真空干燥2 h,得到3R-MoS₂纳米片。将制备的3R-MoS₂纳米片(1.0 g)分散在50 mL含PPy(2.34 mL)的去离子水中,加入10 mL(1 mol/L) FeCl₃溶液,在10℃下放置24 h。将反应后的样品在5000 r/min下离心20 min,用无水乙醇和去离子水分散两次后,在70°C下真空干燥2 h,得到PPy/3R-MoS₂纳米片。通过批次吸附实验,探究了制备的纳米片在不同pH、反应时间、U(VI)初始浓度和温度条件下对U(VI)的吸附效果,并利用SEM、HRTEM、XRD、FTIR和XPS对其进行表征。在不同实验条件下,与3R-MoS₂和聚吡咯(PPy)相比,复合纳米吸附剂(PPy/3R-MoS₂)对U(VI)的吸附能力增强。当U(VI)初始浓度为80–100 mg/L时, PPy、3R-MoS₂和PPy/3R-MoS₂的吸附均达到平衡,最大吸附量分别为30.9、58.7和200.4 mg/g。XPS和FTIR分析阐明了其吸附机理:1) 带负电的PPy/3R-MoS₂纳米片通过静电吸引捕获UO₂2+);2) 裸露的C,N,Mo,S原子通过配位作用与U(VI)络合;3) 络合物中的Mo将吸附的U(VI)部分还原为U(IV),再生了吸附位点,从而连续吸附U(VI)。具有高吸附容量和化学稳定性的PPy/3R-MoS₂复合材料的设计为放射性核素的去除提供了新的方向。     

Automatic analysis of change detection of multi-temporal ERS-2 SAR images by using two-threshold EM and MRF algorithms

To automatically detect and analyze the surface change in the urban area from multi-temporal SAR images, an algorithm of two-threshold expectation maximum (EM) and Markov random field (MRF) is developed. Difference of the SAR images demonstrates variation of backscattering caused by the surface change all over the image pixels. Two thresholds are obtained by the EM iterative process and categorized to three classes: enhanced scattering, reduced scattering and unchanged regimes. Initializing from the EM result, the iterated conditional modes (ICM) algorithm of the MRF is then used to analyze the detection of contexture change in the urban area. As an example, two images of the ERS-2 SAR in 1996 and 2002 over the Shanghai City are studied.     

HiSC： A Hybrid XML Index Composing Structure-Encoded with Cluster

A new way of indexing and processing twig patterns in an XML documents is proposed in this paper. Every path in XML document can be transformed into a sequence of labels by Structure-Encoded that constructs a one-to-one correspondence between XML tree and sequence. Base on identifying characteristics of nodes in XML tree, the elements are classified and clustered. During query proceeding, the twig pattern is also transformed into its Structure-Encoded. By performing subsequence matching on the set of sequences in XML documents, all the occurrences of path in the XML documents are refined. Using the index, the numbers of elements retrieved are minimized. The search results with pertinent format provide more structure information without any false dismissals or false alarms. The index also supports keyword search Experiment results indicate the index has significantly efficiency with high precision.     

衔接元件磁泡存贮器可使存贮容量增大十倍

新一代的衔接元件磁泡器件能够存贮的信息比坡莫合金人字形磁泡器件大约多十倍,并且还可以用标准光刻技术进行制作。研制中的器件具有4兆位/厘米~2的存贮密度。人字形磁泡存贮器目前只能提供大约1兆位/厘米~2的密度,而可以达到的密度约为1.5兆位/厘米~2,但是,这会超过光刻技术的能力。然而,用现行衔接盘器件加工法,看来可以达到16兆位/厘米~2的密度。     

铜基甲醇合成催化剂Mn助催作用的研究

甲醇是C_1化学的主要产品,是一种尾气污染少,辛烷值高的汽、柴油优质代用或渗烧燃料。催化生产甲醇虽已工业化70多年,但就甲醇本身的重要性及催化作用的学术价值,一直吸引着各国的化学工作者,为了提高甲醇合成催化剂的性能,助催剂的研究从未间断。本文在Cu-Zn-Al三组分的基础上加入Mn助催化剂,使其在比表面积、分散度、甲醇合成活性等方面都有所提高,具有工业应用前景。