不同坡度单体山丘风速地形修正系数与 越山风效应风洞试验研究

为了研究不同坡度单体山丘风速地形修正系数与越山风效应对输电塔线结构的影响,对比了国内外5种规范取值与风洞试验测试结果,分析了不同坡度山丘山顶位置和迎、背、侧风坡面风速地形修正系数,并探讨了山丘风场竖向风速分量与紊流度变化特性.研究结果表明:5种规范中我国建筑结构荷载规范与高耸结构设计规范对不同坡度山丘山顶处的风速地形修正系数的取值最大;山顶位置风速地形修正系数并非完全随坡度增大而增加,坡度大于0.577之后达到1时,风速地形修正系数反而减小;现有的拟合公式计算山丘表面区域的侧风坡风速修正系数取值偏小,而计算上部区域的风速修正系数取值却明显偏大;山体坡度越大则竖向风速分量极大值反而越小,三类坡度山丘在迎风坡和背风坡测试的最大竖向风速分量与参考来流风速的比值分别为0.523和-0.542;山体坡度越大则表面紊流度越大,特别是陡峭山坡背风侧紊流度比较大,坡度为1时山丘背风侧0.6倍山体高度处的紊流度可高达35%.     

基于Oyane准则的金属板材渐进成形破裂预测

针对渐进成形中的破裂缺陷,将Oyane准则引入数值模拟中,有效预测了渐进成形中金属板料的成形极限.首先,针对DC56D+Z钢板,基于获取的Oyane准则材料参数,通过试验与数值模拟确定了破裂积分值I=4为破裂的临界条件.然后,基于响应面法建立了工艺参数与I积分值之间的非线性模型,且通过方差分析验证了该模型的有效性.研究得出:该数值模型可以有效预测最大破裂积分I值,I值随着成形角α、层间距Δz和工具头直径d的增大而增大,3个工艺参数的影响作用逐渐减弱,且αΔz、αd两种组合的交互作用影响较大.     

在实验室中寻找量子黑洞

正在物理学中,我们通过猜测来发现一个新的规律,然后将猜测的结果与实验结果进行比较。正如理查德·费曼所说:"你的猜测有多美没有用,你有多聪明也没什么用……如果与实验不符,那它就错了。"这就是物理和数学的本质区别。数学家也会猜测,其真理的最终裁决者是严格的证据。物理学家可以使用甚至发明复杂的数学工具,但他们的目标不同:解释宇宙的真实面貌。     

跨越女性独立执行空间任务的门槛

正克里斯蒂娜·科赫重返地球,她完成了三次无男性参与的太空行走,也创造了在太空中停留的时间记录,但你应该知道的远不止这些。不查谷歌和维基的话,你能说出多少宇航员的名字?说出尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和巴兹·奥尔德林的名字并不难。他们是首次登上月球的那两个宇航员。你应该也很可能还记得为他俩驾驶指令舱的宇航员迈克尔·柯林斯。不过,因为他并非是第一批在月球上行走的宇航员,所以你对他的名字可能没有那么熟悉。     

New bisexual form of Cavernocypris subterranea (Wolf, 1920) (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Idaho

Males of Cavernocypris subterranea were found for the first time in an Idaho spring. The bisexual form is described on soft body parts and valves. The genus Cavernocypris now includes 2 bisexual and 1 parthenogenteic species.     

Correlation,entropy, and information transfer in black hole radiation

Since the discovery of Hawking radiation, its consistency with quantum theory has been widely questioned. In the widely described picture, irrespective of what initial state a black hole starts with before collapsing, it eventually evolves into a thermal state of Hawking radiations after the black hole is exhausted. This scenario violates the principle of unitarity as required for quantum mechanics and leads to the acclaimed ‘‘information loss paradox'. This paradox has become an obstacle or a reversed touchstone for any possible theory to unify the gravity and quantum mechanics. Based on the results from Hawking radiation as tunneling, we recently show that Hawking radiations can carry off all information about the collapsed matter in a black hole. After discovering the existence of information-carrying correlation, we show in great detail that entropy is conserved for Hawking radiation based on standard probability theory and statistics. We claim that information previously considered lost remains hidden inside Hawking radiation. More specifically, it is encoded into correlations between Hawking radiations. Our study thus establishes harmony between Hawking radiation and the unitarity of quantum mechanics, which establishes the basis for a significant milestone toward resolving the long-standing information loss paradox. The paper provides a brief review of the exciting development on Hawking radiation. In addition to summarize our own work on this subject, we compare and address other related studies.     

Conservation status of the threatened, insular San Jose brush rabbit ( Sylvilagus mansuetus )

The conservation status and distribution of the insular endemic San Jose brush rabbit ( Sylvilagus mansuetus ), as well as threats to its population viability, were determined through surveys undertaken since 1995 on San José Island in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Sylvilagus mansuetus is restricted to a specific desert habitat found in the southwestern coastal plains of the island. Vegetation in this habitat is composed primarily of 7 plant species. The extent of rabbit occurrence is only 20 km 2 , and the population density estimate in the most optimal habitat is 25–35 individuals · km –2 . To our knowledge, the San Jose brush rabbit possesses the smallest distribution among all lagomorph species. Sylvilagus mansuetus is threatened by a population of feral cats and by human activities, including illegal hunting, development of a tourist area, and a salt mine. Human activities, even over a short time frame, could severely impact this restricted area and endanger the survival of this species. Recommended management includes removing cats and conducting additional research on the rabbit’s life history and ecology. Se determinó el estado de conservación y la distribución del conejo de San José ( Sylvilagus mansuetus ), una especie insular endémica, mediante muestreos que se han llevado a cabo desde 1995 en la isla de San José en el Mar de Cortés, México. Sylvilagus mansuetus quedó restringido a un tipo específico de hábitat desértico en la llanura costera suroccidental de la isla, donde predominan 7 especies de plantas. La extensión de la especie es de sólo 20 km 2 , y la densidad de la población en el hábitat óptimo se estimó entre 25 y 35 individuos · km –2 . Hasta donde conocemos, el conejo de San José tiene el área de distribución más pequeña de todas las especies de lagomorfos. Sylvilagus mansuetus se ve amenazado por una población de gatos ferales y por actividades humanas tales como la caza ilegal, el turismo y la operación de una mina de sal. Las actividades humanas podrían tener un impacto severo en esta área restringida y podrían poner en peligro la supervivencia de esta especie dentro de poco tiempo. Algunas acciones recomendables para el manejo de la especie incluyen el eliminar los gatos y llevar a cabo estudios adicionales para obtener más detalles sobre la biología y ecología del conejo a fin de mejorar su conservación.     

Status of an invading mainland jackrabbit on Cerralvo island, Gulf of California

We report the first observations of the black-tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ) on Cerralvo Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Evidence suggests a self-sustaining population. Analysis of available records indicates no previous record of Lepus on the island. Introduction of the jackrabbit to the island appears to have occurred between 1960 and 1991.     

Growth and demography of one population of the lizard Sceloporus mucronatus mucronatus

We report on growth and demography of Sceloporus mucronatus mucronatus , a lizard subspecies endemic to central Mexico. We characterize the life history of this subspecies, provide quantitative information relevant to conservation, and add to the growing literature on the diversity of life histories in the genus Sceloporus . We calculated body growth rates and fitted them to the Von Bertalanffy, the logistic-by-length, and the logistic-by-weight growth models. The Von Bertalanffy model provided the best fit, and we used it to analyze the growth pattern. Growth rates were similar during the 1st year of life in both sexes, but after that point males grew faster and reached maturity earlier (20 months) than females (31 months). We used a population projection matrix to model population dynamics during 2003–2004 and found a positive population growth rate (λ = 1.769). However, based on the projected stable size-class vector ( w ), this population does not appear to have reached stability, and it might be currently experiencing considerable interannual fluctuations. Elasticity values showed that the transition from the juvenile stage to the 1st adult stage was the vital rate that contributes the most to population growth rate, followed by fecundity and stasis of the 1st reproductive category. While total elasticities for demographic processes were similar, elasticities per size class showed the relatively high importance of small adults in comparison to juveniles and large adults. The restriction of this endemic subspecies to central Mexico, where human activities and consequent habitat destruction are increasing, demands further quantitative evaluation and monitoring of populations, even though our results indicate a potential for population growth.     

一致质量矩阵在向量式有限元中的应用

为研究一致质量矩阵在向量式有限元分析中的应用,采用第二类拉格朗日方程建立向量式有限元的质点运动方程,从能量原理推导了一致质量矩阵、集中质量矩阵和力矩阵,并引入节点位移约束,对两种质量矩阵在杆系结构中的向量化方程及含义作了对比.进一步通过受冲击荷载的无约束杆算例和受突加荷载的平面桁架算例,对比了采用两种质量矩阵的向量式有限元、刚体动力学及ANSYS分析软件得到的动力响应.结果表明:在瞬态动力分析中,采用一致质量矩阵比集中质量矩阵得到的结果更精确.当计算刚体平动时,两种质量矩阵的计算结果接近;而当计算刚体转动时,采用一致质量矩阵的向量式有限元方法具有较好的计算精度和效率,从而验证了一致质量矩阵在向量式有限元中的适用性和精准性.