生物柴油高效合成方法研究

采用连续流动式、碱催化和超声辅助强化等手段,研究了一种新的生物柴油合成方法.优化了温度、催化荆用量和反应时间等影响酯交换反应的因素.采用核磁共振(NMR)分析方法,研究了在不同反应条件下的酯交换率.结果表明,当流动式反应盘管长为130 cm,甲醇与大豆油以9:1的摩尔比混合,反应温度为40℃,反应时间为13 min,NaOH用量在油重的0.5%的实验条件下酯交换率可达到99.9%以上.     

显微组织对无限冷硬铸铁轧辊热疲劳性能的影响

文章介绍在无限冷硬铸铁轧辊上切取板状热疲劳试样,在自制的热疲劳试验机上进行了冷热循环实验,研究了显微组织对无限冷硬铸铁热疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展的影响.结果表明,热疲劳裂纹在石墨尖端处、珠光体基体及共晶碳化物中萌生;热疲劳裂纹主要在钢基体与共晶莱氏体界面处、钢基体内扩展及穿越共晶碳化物.     

浅谈电力系统电压稳定性

介绍了电力系统电压稳定的定义和分类,提出了电压失稳机理和电压稳定的主要研究方法,反映出该领域的研究概貌和最新动向.     

Stability and Instability of Solution for a Class of Nonlinear Differential Equations

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎＲｅｆ.〔1〕 ｔｈｅａｓｙｍｐｔｏｔｉｃｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｎｏｎｌｉｎｅａｒｓｌｏｗｌｙｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ .ＩｎＲｅｆ.〔2〕ｔｈｅｉｎｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｏｒｄｅｒｌｉｎｅａｒｄｉｆ ｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｖａｒｉｅｄｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｉｓ ｃｕｓｓｅｄ .Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ,ｗｅｈａｖｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｓｔａｂｌｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｉｎｓｔａ…     

Influence and determinative factors of ion-to-atom arrival ratio in unbalanced magnetron sputtering systems

Low pressure sputtering with a controlled ratio of ion flux to deposited atom flux at the condensing surface is one of the main directions of development of magnetron sputtering methods. Unbalanced magnetron sputtering, by producing dense secondary plasma around the substrate, provides a high ion current density. The closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system (CFUBMS) has been established as a versatile technique for high-rate deposition high-quality metal, alloy, and ceramic thin films. The'key factor in the CFUBMS system is the ability to transport high ion currents to the substrate, which can enhance the formation of full dense coatings at relatively low value homologous temperature. The investigation shows that the energy of ions incidenced at the substrate and the ratio of the flux of these ions to the flux of condensing atoms are the fundamental parameters in determining the structure and properties of films produced by ion-assisted deposition processes. Increasing ion bombardment during deposition combined with increasing mobility of the condensing atoms favors the formation of a dense microstructure and a smooth surface.     

Influence of secondary carbide precipitation and transformation on abrasion resistance of a 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron

The relationship between the secondary carbide precipitation and transformation of the 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron and abrasion resistance was investigated by using optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the properties of secondary carbides precipitated at holding stage play an important role in the abrasion resistance. After certain holding time at 833 K subcritical treatment, the grainy (Fe, Cr)₂₃C₆ carbide precipitated and the fresh martensite transformed at the holding stage for 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron improve the bulk hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy. Prolonging holding time, MoC and (Cr, V)₂C precipitations cause the secondary hardening peak and the corresponding better abrasion resistance. Finally, granular (Fe, Cr)₂₃C₆ carbide in situ transforms into laminar M₃C carbide and the matrix structure transforms into pearlitic matrix. These changes weaken hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy sharply.     

Decarburization mechanism of RH-MFB refining process

The overall decarburization mechanism can be divided into the decarburization in bulk molten steel and floating of CO against static pressure, the decarburization on the surface of argon bubbles and splashing particles. On the basis of each conception the RH-MFB decarburization mathematical model has been built according to the thermodynamic and mass conservation principle, and contributions of every decarburization mechanism were discussed and analyzed.     

Processes of depositing platinum on carbon nanotubes and their effect on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell

The ultrafine platinum nanoparticles deposited on the surfaces of carbon nanotubes (Pt/CNTs) were prepared by a chemical precipitation method and used as the catalyst of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The depositing process parameters such as the solution pH value, Pt content and treatment temperature were analyzed. The experimental results show that the optimum process parameters to prepare Pt/CNTs are the solution pH value of 7.0, the theoretical Pt content of 25% (mass fraction) and the heating temperature of 500℃, under the conditions the best performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell can be obtained and its voltage can reach 580 mV at a current density of 500 mA/cm2.     

Effects of heat treatment on structures and properties of high speed steel rolls

The effects of quenching temperature, cooling pattern, temper temperature and temper times on the structure and properties of high speed steel (HSS) rolls have been investigated. The results show that, when the quenching temperature is lower than 1050℃ the hardness of HSS increases with the quenching temperature increasing in oil cooling, but when the quenching temperature exceeds 1100℃ the hardness decreases. In the conditions of salt bath cooling and air cooling, the effect of quenching temperature on the hardness is similar to the above law, but the quenching temperature obtaining the highest hardness is higher than that in oil cooling. When the temper temperature below 350℃ the hardness of HSS has a little change, when above 475℃ the hardness will increase with the temper temperature increasing, and the highest hardness is obtained at 525℃. When the temper temperature continues to increase, the hardness decreases. Twice temper has little effect on the hardness, but three times temper decreases the hardness.HSS in air cooling has lower hardenability, oil cooling can easily produce crackle, and HSS quenching in salt bath has high hardenability and excellent wear resistance.